Nursing Shortage: Impacts and Strategies

Nursing Shortage: Impacts and Strategies The Nursing Shortage Steven Donahue Presentation As indicated by research led by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in December of 2013, the United States is at the precipous of a considerable nursing lack. Their examination showed that the enlisted nurture (RN) workforce is relied upon to develop from 2.71 million employments in 2012 to roughly 3.24 million out of 2022, a 19% expansion. This impressive development combined with an expected 525,000 attendants resigning inside a similar time span, carries the aggregate of nursing openings to a little more than one-million employments (1). The lack is anticipated to spread the nation over, yet be generally extreme in the South and West districts (1, United Stated Registered Nurse Workforce Report Card). Different callings frequently persevere through comparable reports about workforce deficiencies, however deficiencies explicitly influencing the nursing calling are industrious and patterned. The historical backdrop of nursing deficiencies can be connected back to the start of nursing as a calling and the main nursing certificate schools, established in 1873. These certificate schools concentrated on apprenticeship, and gave young ladies an open door for budgetary freedom and strong work that was already not available. Doctors and medical clinics before long understood the youthful attendants were a modest wellspring of work, and further enlisted upper and upper-white collar class society for conceivable nursing competitors. â€Å"It might be contended that the primary nursing lack in the U.S. happened when emergency clinic preparing schools found the gracefully from the upper layers of society had evaporated† (3), and the medical clinics were required to scramble and enroll a ttendants with various financial and social foundations. Nursing deficiencies were additionally common between the long stretches of 1932 and 1952, and exacerbated by the World War II which featured an expanded requirement for skilled nursing care. In 1943, Congress passed enactment to make the Cadet Nurse Corps, which gave a deluge of capable medical caretakers during this lack. It is evaluated that understudies who graduated structure the Cadet Corps gave about 80% of the consideration of hospitalized licenses during World War II (3). Archived nursing deficiencies likewise happened in the mid 1960’s, mid 1980’s, and twice in the 1990’s. Cut? The reason for later nursing deficiencies have gotten progressively mind boggling and hard to characterize. Exploration by Goldfarb et. al. in 2008 portrayed two principles to characterize a nursing deficiency. Initial, a deficiency happens when there isn't sufficient medical caretakers to give a specific degree of value care. Also, a nursing lack exists when there are insufficient attendants to fill open positions. In view of this depiction, the current circumstance can be improved and all the more effectively characterized as a nursing deficiency. The causes, effects, and expected answers for the current nursing deficiency will be additionally investigated. Variables Affecting the Nursing Shortage Cultural Demographics A significant reason for the nursing deficiency is be identified with the expanded damand required to think about the maturing child of post war America populace. Individuals from the child of post war America age were conceived generally somewhere in the range of 1946 and 1964 and made a segment bubble. Between the long stretches of 2008 and 2018, the 55-year old in addition to segment is relied upon to develop more quickly than some other age gathering, and will represent a bigger portion of the complete populace (9). Figure 1 underneath outlines the age circulation and middle age from 1960 to 2010 in the United States, and features the expanding middle age related with the child of post war America age. This segment difference will make a test for social insurance suppliers, and require a relative increment in the expert nursing workforce to oblige the rising older population(4). Figure 1. Age circulation and middle age: 1960 to 2010 (SOURCE) Socioeconomics of Current Nursing Workforce The current nursing workforce socioeconomics about mirror the United States socioeconomics in general. As indicated by an overview led in 2013, 55% of the enlisted nursing workforce is age 50 or more established (1, #6), and just 14.8% of medical attendants are matured 30 or more youthful. The current nursing deficiency was additionally muddled by the 2008 financial breakdown. The financial breakdown effectsly affected individual accounts, with figures indicating a normal loss of over 25% of people 401K’s for those approaching retirement (matured 56-65) (http://www.ebri.org/pdf/briefspdf/EBRI_IB_2-2009_Crisis-Impct.pdf). This constrained numerous more seasoned attendants to stay in their ebb and flow positions, or required low maintenance medical caretakers to come back to all day business. Measurements demonstrated that the downturn in the economy lead to a facilitating in the deficiency in numerous pieces of the nation (1), however this is just brief and may heighten the lack after these medical attendants choose to resign. Nursing Faculty Shortage There are an assortment of explanations behind the current attendant personnel deficiency. In the first place, the normal period of nuring workforce likewise about mirrors the United States socioeconomics in general. As indicated by the American Association of Colleges of Nurses (AACN), the normal doctorally arranged teacher is 56.8 years old, and the normal master’s qualification nursing workforce is 55.1 years old. (http://www.aacn.nche.edu/media-relations/actuality sheets/nursing-workforce lack). As a rush of retirements throughout the following decade hits the scholarly world, the substitutions are both scant and progressed in age. Pay differentials between nursing teachers and those with comparable qualifications in the private segment is making it hard to hold nursing instructors. Information colleted in 2012 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics found that a Master’s arranged Nurse Practitioner earned a middle compensation of $92,670 while a Master’s arranged Associate Professor earned $72,590, a differential of roughly $20,000 (BLS site). This money related contrast, alongside an inexorably high credit trouble related with achieving an advanced education makes the private division all the more alluring for new alumni with cutting edge degrees. The staff lack has had a noteworthy effect on nursing school confirmation. The AACN directed an overview in 2012 and established that U.S. nursing schools dismissed almost 80,000 qualified undergrad candidates because of a shortage in staff, clinical locales, and study hall space (1,#10). 66% of respondants showed that staff deficiencies were the main explanation behind dismissing qualified candidates. Besides, roughly 15,000 qualified candidates were gotten some distance from graduate projects for a similar explanation. The nursing staff deficiency at that point turns into a two dimensional issue. The nursing deficiency requires additionally nursing understudies, yet a nursing workforce lack makes impediments on what number of understudies can be set up for business, and limits the capacity to get ready future nursing teachers. Working Conditions Wages The idea of the work, physical exhaustion, orthopedic issues,and family strain because of filling in for late shifts and ends of the week lead numerous attendants to leave the clinic setting or the calling inside and out. In a time of prosecution, medical attendants should likewise be conscious that the individual, and not the framework might be held obligated in the event of patient security blunders. This expanded responsibility without adequate dynamic position prompts expanded weight on the nursing workforce (4). The nursing calling is testing and unpleasant, and many accept that the pay doesn't mirror the trouble of the activity. As per the Bureau of Labor Statistics, pay rates for enlisted medical attendants have expanded just 4% somewhere in the range of 2008 and 2014. While this stagnation may likewise be demonstrative of the 2008 financial breakdown, the impact of the nursing deficiency on wages may not be completely comprehended until the economy completely recoups. Nursing Shortage Implications The apex worry of the nursing deficiency is the impact that it might have on persistent burdens and nature of care. The developing older populace combined with the a lack of medical attendants will prompt an expansion in understanding burdens. Various examinations have shown that higher patient burdens lead to a more dangerous condition for the patient. An examination distributed in 2011 by Dr. Jack Needleman examined the records of 197,961 patients, and found that the death rate expanded from 1-6% if an office was understaffed (http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMsa1001025). Another examination in 2011 demonstrated that when the hours per understanding day was high (a marker of appropriate staffing), the occurrences of congestive cardiovascular breakdown, inability to save, contaminations, and delayed lengths of medical clinic remains diminished (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21407034). In conclusion, an examination directed in 2013 watched the connection between higher pat ient burdens and readmission paces of pediatric patients. The examination indicated that when the proportion was balanced by only one patient (5:1), the probability for readmission rose 11% (http://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/22/9/735.full). An expansion in readmission rates will additionally disturb the issue of patient loads, and has a substantial monetary cost. While expanded patient burdens impact the general nature of care, they likewise unfavorably impact the working states of medical caretakers. In a review led in 2005, 75% of respondents accepted that the nursing deficiency will impact their nature of work and breaking point the measure of time they can go through with patients. Also, 93% of those reviewed accept that the impacts of the nursing lack will make medical caretakers depart the calling (1,#11). Another investigation in 2012 reasoned that medical caretakers were probably going to quality staffing deficiencies as a main consideration in work disappointment, stress and burnout. The nursing lack will eventually impact persistent burdens, working conditions, and quality consideration for the patients in all nursing divisions. On the off chance that propoer procedures are not created, the expanded pressure related with the lack may prompt more prominent turnover

Coffee Shop Essay

The motivation behind this promoting plan is to layout the total showcasing methodology, strategies, and projects for Dot. L Coffee (from this point forward, â€Å"Dot. L†). Dab. L is an expert Coffee Company that centers around strength espresso of Latte, espresso based items and nourishments too. Speck. L is another café in the stream side area. Spot. L will be known for more than 6 kinds of latte, espresso and espresso based items. What's more, light tidbits and sandwiches will be offered to go with the cappuccino and espresso based items. The bistro foundation will play present day music for atmosphere and give free remote web access to benefactors to pull in experts in the close by business regions. The crucial Dot. L is in the vanity of the city, Dot. L can present to you the simplicity of a valuable. Dab. L will be not normal for different bistros in that it will acquaint clients with the various kinds of espresso and nourishments in a relaxation non pressure condition. Besides, in a serious market like Starbuck, Dot. L plans to separate itself by connecting with those assorted variety kinds of latte without the significant expenses. The objective market comprises of two market fragments: †¢ People who are profoundly infatuated latte and individuals who expectation make some loosening up memories †¢ Business individuals from the midtown business focuses and proficient structures Situation investigation is investigated. This incorporates a general advertising condition investigation for the organization just as increasingly explicit circumstance examination, for example, contender and clients activity for the showcasing examination. An assessment is led trailed by an activity plan laying out how to accomplish the showcasing destinations, which incorporates: advancement, value limits, an every other month bulletin, publicizing in TV and quest for new channel organizations. Organization outline and the Mission Statement Dot. L will be an unmistakable café which have own attributes and culture that will serve the stream side private locale. The coffeehouse offers seasoned latte and other espresso items, light tidbits, nourishments and free wi-fi administration for client surfing on-line. The Dot. L essential spot of activity will be situated on the waterway side with pleasant perspective on Brisbane River. The business people in the place of business will add to the quantity of benefactors and the condition their additionally can draw in buyer to pick that place. There are plans to open extra areas following 3 years of activity. Speck. L will work from Monday to Sunday. Monday through Thursday, five representatives will be working from 10 a. m. to 10 p. m. Friday and Saturday will work the equivalent; nonetheless, three representatives shutting will work until 12 a. m. The expense for each full time works may be 16 dollars for each hour and the expense for low maintenance works may be 9 dollars. The name of this bistro is Dot. L which implies L alludes to latte. Along these lines latte as organization center espresso items and latte workmanship can be found in Dot. L. [pic] As expressed in the company’s statement of purpose: Dot. L intends to be the bistro have own style and culture in Australia. In the vanity of the city, Dot. L can present to you the simplicity of a valuable. Chapter by chapter guide Executive Summary2 Company review and the Mission Statement3 Introduction6 Product Description6 Environmental Scan7 Economic environment7 Legal, political and administrative environment8 Social and social environment8 Technological environment9 Competitor9 Market research10 Customers12 Marketing targets and Market tactics12 Marketing objectives12 Product12 Price13 Place13 Promotion14 Marketing Tactics15 Market forecasting16 Action plans17 Financials18 Control20 Conclusion21 Reference list:22 Appendix 124 Introduction This advertising plan looks at the means required to reposition Dot. L bistro in the Australian commercial center. Dab. L is a bistro brand will situate on stream side in Brisbane. Spot. L offers an assortment of espresso, strength espresso of Latte, espresso based items and nourishments. Moreover, so as to draw in shoppers latte craftsmanship additionally be embraced into the espresso items. Fundamentally the cost at the consistently espresso the cost won't more than four dollars. The bistro will concentrate on the businessmen and regularly clients. Spot. L in Australia utilize roughly 30 works incorporates boss, shop colleague, retailer, ranking director. The Dot. L brand name originates from its center items will offer in the bistro that expect to: 1. Draw in buyers 2. Construct brand 3. Exchange benefit accomplish around 8-10% The showcasing plan followed by examination the circumstance in commercial center, contenders investigation for the Dot. L passage into the market. Moreover, statistical surveying and clients investigation will give to help the Dot. L to finds the market precisely. It additionally considers the market determining and financials for the three-year time frame. Item Description The Dot. L will offer numerous things that would have flawless taste. From conventional espresso to the light bites and nourishments, Dot. L will offer something conventional and unique for all preferences. Every day latte specials will be offered, including an alternate mix and flavor every day. The bistro claim to fame will like to European style structure. The six distinct lattes are incorporates: bistro au lait; ghetto latte or contraband lattes; hot or frosted latte variants of chai, matcha, and Royal milk tea; red latte; latte macchiato and Caffe latte. Latte and Coffee will be sold in three sizes, with costs going from $2. 00 to $5. 00. Flavors will be accessible at an extra charge of $0. 50. Coffee, cappuccino, mocha, and other claim to fame beverages will be accessible in two sizes and will cost $3. 75 and $6. 50. Natural Scan. Financial condition Robust business, buyer certainty and high fare cost for crude materials have fuelled the economy for a long time. Australia has a solid economy with per capita (GDP) of $ 38,000(CIA, 2009), and GDP was evaluated to be developing at 3. 8% every year (CIA, 2009). In any case, in 2008 with the effect of the worldwide monetary emergency, producing yield and business began to flounder, and the Australian economy headed into a serious stoppage (Jackson, 2008). Indeed, even through, in 2010 the economy has started to turn to improve things, the consumers’ buy propensity isn't recoup. As both circumstances and logical results, buyers cut back on spending, explicitly on food, dress, furnishings, diversion, vehicles and cell phones (Uren, 2008). The monetary conditions in Australia present chances and hazard for Dot. L. The reduction in buyer spending will compel bistro industry to look for expert help to hold clients and look after deals. In the other hand, this will expand the interest for authority administration like Dot. L which can give agents have plcae to discharge pressure. Be that as it may, the truth of a downturn may make retailers cut back on all spending remembering for retail counseling and preparing administrations. Moreover a few retailers are probably going to leave business. Lawful, political and administrative condition Small business marking through naming and bundling definitively assembles organization and item acknowledgment. Situating the novel item through private name focused on the objective market brings about a successful, minimal effort showcasing procedure. It is the answer for getting clients into the store and back over and over. In American, the administration distributes an authoritative update of a digital bistro limitation in 2006 (New York Civil Liberties Union, 2006). The China government additionally distributes similar limitations. Since a large portion of the bistro will offer the assistance of web, in this way, they should focus on proposals authoritative issue (Rodnin, 2005). Social and social condition According to Australian Coffee Traders Association, Annual General Meeting 2006 that brought up by and large talking, the Australian espresso showcase is serious yet purchasers are brand-steadfast (ACTA, 2008). Australia is a nation of various workers, particularly glad for a conventional solid espresso culture began by European immigrants(AusFoodNews,2010). The solid espresso culture of Australia has impacted development in cafés, particularly among the more youthful age. Espresso drinking has become a fundamental piece of the advanced way of life. In Australia, the authority coffeehouses have gotten something other than a spot to drink espresso. Progressively, coffeehouses fill in as spots to meet for business and joy †an area for harmony and calm away from home and office. ACTA (2008) expressed that more than one billion cups of espresso are expended in bistros, cafés and different outlets every year, this is an expansion of 65% in the course of the most recent 10 years. The Coffee utilization of Australian per capita has multiplied in the course of the most recent 30 years (ACTA, 2008). As indicated by another report by Euromonitor International †â€Å"Consumer Foodservice in Australia†. (2004) the quantity of exchanges through bistros developed by 7% and esteem deals developed by practically 29%. Innovative condition Technological advances in Australia have brought about an expansion use of the web. This has brought about all industry venturing into another channel: offering administrations, advertising and selling items over the web. For Dot. L, the bistro can exploit which is utilizing understudy as the company’s channel to advance the promoting. Contender. The prominence of diversifying as a business opportunity in Australia has additionally significantly affected the quantity of chain pro coffeehouses, for example, Gloria Jean’s, The Coffee Club, Zarrafa’s Coffee which extended primarily through diversifying (Market Research World, n. d. ). Euromonitor International’s explore shows that the Gloria Jean’s chain had the biggest increment in outlets in 2004, along these lines boosting its piece of the overall industry from 28% in 2003 to 37% in 2004. Gloria Jean’s has just opened more than 900 shops the world over, and 407 stores are set up in Australia-wide. Consequently, Gloria Jeanâ

Predictors of Divorce According to Science

Predictors of Divorce According to Science Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems Print Predictors of Divorce According to Science By Marni Feuerman Marni Feuerman is a psychotherapist in private practice who has been helping couples with marital issues for more than 27 years. Learn about our editorial policy Marni Feuerman Updated on October 02, 2019 PeopleImages/Getty Images More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse The extensive research of Drs. John and Julie Gottman have provided us with four primary predictors of divorce. They have termed these four main predictors, the “Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse” and they are  criticism, contempt, defensiveness and stonewalling.     The Four Horsemen That Predict the End of a Marriage All relationships have some degree of these characteristics, however, if there are more than one present or one that is unyielding, there will be  doubts about the viability of your marriage. Criticism When you criticize your spouse, it is done in a way that implies something is inherently wrong with him or her.  You may also be attacking your partner’s personality or character. The intent is to win the argument or prove your spouse wrong. For instance, saying,  â€œyou always…,”  â€œyou never…,” or “you’re the type of person who …” or “why are you so …” This will make the spouse feel attacked and is likely to elicit a defensive response.  These bad patterns cause you both to not feel heard. You both may start to feel bad about yourselves when you are around each other. It is critical to make a specific complaint about your partner’s behavior and not attack his or her personality. For instance,  saying when A happened, I felt B, I need C. Contempt Contempt is the scariest of the bunch. It concerns any statement or behavior, verbal or nonverbal that asserts superiority to your partner.  Examples of such behaviors may be mocking your partner, name-calling, eye-rolling, showing hostility, insensitive joking, hurtful sarcasm, sneering in disgust, and so on. It attacks your spouse’s sense of self. It is also intended to put down or emotionally abuse or manipulate him or her. Couples must work to completely eliminate such behaviors. A culture of respect, appreciation, tolerance, and kindness is a basic requirement in marriage. Defensiveness Defensiveness arises from a perceived attack with your own counter-complaint.  It is also another way to act like a victim or not to take responsibility for your mistakes.  Such behaviors are making excuses, or saying things like,  â€œIt’s not my fault…” It can also involve cross-complaining. This is when you match your partner’s complaint or criticism with one of your own. You then ignore what your partner said. Other defensive behaviors are “yes-butting” or simply repeating yourself without paying attention to what your spouse is saying. You must slow down and try to listen to your partner’s perspective. You do not have to be perfect.  Consciously communicate by speaking honestly and listening well. Don’t forget to validate your partner by letting him or her know you get what they are feeling. Stonewalling Complete withdrawal from communication (and essentially the relationship) as a strategy to avoid conflict is called stonewalling. It may look be physically leaving or completely shutting down. This might be an, albeit unsuccessful, attempt to calm oneself when overwhelmed. Stonewalling conveys disconnection, disapproval, distancing, and arrogance. Stonewalling might be giving the “silent treatment,” monosyllabic mutterings, changing the subject, storming out. The antidote to stonewalling is to learn to identify the signs that you or your partner is starting to feel emotionally overwhelmed. It’s a good idea to verbalize that you feel overwhelmed. You can both agree to take a break and that the conversation will resume when you are both calmer. Use Your Knowledge to Improve Your Relationship If you are married or in a serious relationship, you need to learn about the Four Horsemen. There are ways to better control these behaviors in your relationship. After an argument, claim responsibility for your piece in the escalation. What can you learn from it and what can you do about it? There are many things you can do to help reduce tension or de-escalate an argument.  For instance, apologize, express your understanding, or demonstrate your concern. There is no good reason to push buttons or purposely escalate the argument. Virtually all negative interactions with your partner are really a self-perpetuating cycle that thankfully you can exit from. When one of you gets triggered, the other reacts, there is a reaction to the reaction, so on and so forth. Slow things down and self-reflect by figuring out what you might actually be feeling underneath, for instance, you are really hurt when you yell in anger. You need to get comfortable expressing that deeper part of yourself. All of us have a lot to learn and to benefit from Gottmans research. But, if you still find the Four Horsemen are ruining your relationship, it’s time to seek out a skilled marriage therapist.

African Americans During The Civil War - 1211 Words

After the Civil War, the United States underwent a period of reconstruction. From the time of 1877 to 1890, the US economy grew exponentially, wealthy business owners like Rockefeller and Vanderbilt built American cities and railroads, and immigrants from all over the world flooded into the country. However, during this period America also faced great amount of poverty, terrible working conditions, mass political corruptions, and a destruction of civil rights for African Americans, women, and immigrants. Mark Twain marked this period as the â€Å"Gilded Age† because everything seemed to be going well for the United States, but behind all the accomplishments made, there was more misfortune for many Americans during this time. The greatest†¦show more content†¦In response to this injustice, African American leaders like Booker T. Washington and W.E.B DuBois both offered solutions for the community to overcome the South, but they conflicted with each other and neither si de was able to gain equality. Inequality in the South and across America was apparent with Plessy v Ferguson ruling from the Supreme Court that stated â€Å"if one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution of the United States cannot put them upon the same plane† (246). The lack of equality for African Americans throughout the South reflects the neglect of civil rights during this period. The United States was founded by the principle that â€Å"all men are created equal† but as we struggled for the fight of equality for African Americans, we forgot about the fight for equality for women. It is not until thirty years after the Gilded Age when the 19th Amendment was passed, giving women the right to vote. A major advocate for women’s suffrage was Elizabeth Cady Stanton who believed that â€Å"that the isolation of every human soul†¦ must give each individual the right to choose her own surroundings† (188). Even though women were able to come together during this period, they could not fully unite as African American women were left out of the movement, as illustrated in Live Pryor’s plea for help from Susan B. Anthony, another strong advocate for women’s rights. UltimatelyShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans During The Civil War844 Words   |  4 PagesOver the years, the African American race has greatly evolved from having a lack of individual freedom to having their own sense of individuality. There have been many different events in America that has played some part in the evolution of the black race. After the Civil War, most of the races in America were seen to have separate freedom, but as the years progress African Americans were one of the many to stand up and obtain their individuality. In the process of obtaining individual freedomRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War1434 Words   |  6 PagesMany African-Americans faced huge struggles years after the civil war. Their journey fo r racial equality began during the Reconstruction Era. The Civil War gave slaves freedom, a new set of huge challenges were put into play in the South. Under President Andrew Johnson, there were many new southern state legislatures that passed â€Å"black codes† to control most of the labor and behavior of the former slaves. 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Antebellum time period focus on the differences between people in the south and the north. People who wanted slavery to continue, because it was profitable and people who wanted it to end. More simply, whites in the sou th did not want slavery to end, because it was a business that allowed them to make money off of other people s labor. While people in the north were more open to allow African Americans have moreRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesamong young African American men with little schooling. Radical changes in crime control and sentencing polices led to an unprecedented buildup of the United States prison population over the last thirty years. African Americans comprise a disproportionate percentage of the individuals imprisoned in State correctional institutions across the United States. . There are 5 main reasons as to why African Americans repeatedly go to prison. These reasons are racial discrimination, the war on drugs, trafficRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War2079 Words   |  9 PagesAfrican Americans in the Civil War Everyday, people wake up and take it for granted. Just the simple and small things in life, people don’t seem to really appreciate. They tend to be ungrateful for the things that have been basically given to them. Many people of today do not realize the severity of how hard it was to get to this point in history. African Americans have had to face very strenuous times in order to make this world a better place. African Americans faced difficult times during theRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War Essay2121 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Civil War, dividing the North and the South over the issues of slavery. In the end of the Civil War, many individuals with every sense of positive intentions gave opportunities and support to freed slaves developing into beneficial members for the nation. The United States came together as a nation to solve the issues of slavery, freedom, and the reorganization problems particular to African Americans. It is seen throughout our history a ll efforts to solve these issues but sadly African AmericansRead MoreAfrican American Soldiers During The Civil War902 Words   |  4 PagesMcCurry English 10 10 April 2015 African American Soldiers African-Americans served in the Civil War on both the Union and Confederate sides. In the Union Army, over 179,000 African American men served in over 160 units. More served with both the Union and Confederate units. This includes both northern free African Americans and runaway slaves from the South who enlisted to fight. By 1865, the South allowed slaves to enlist, but very few actually did. During the Civil War, blacks were treated like trash

Healthy Snacks Lesson Plan

Title: Investigating Healthy SnacksGoal/Key Idea: The overall goal of this lesson is for students to understand that eating foods that are low in fat is important for their overall good health.Objective: The learner will analyze snack foods to determine if they are high in fat as well as identify snack foods that are low in fat. Materials Brown PaperPencilsOilGrocery ads Science Words FatsOilsSnacksLow-fatHigh-fat Anticipatory Set: Access Prior Knowledge by asking students to respond to the question, Why do you think people need to eat healthy snacks? Then record their answers on chart paper. Refer back to their answers at the end of the lesson. Activity One Read the story What Happens to a Hamburger? by Paul Showers. After the story, ask students the following two questions: What healthy snacks did you see in the story? (Students may answer, pears, apples, grapes)Why do you need to eat healthy food? (Students may respond because it helps you grow) Discuss how foods that are low in fat help you develop properly, give you more energy and contribute to your overall good health. Activity Two/ A Real World Connection To help students understand that oil contains fat and that it is found in many of the snacks that they eat, have them try the following activity: Discuss what foods are high in fat and have a lot of oil.Then have students write the word oil on a brown paper square (cut out several squares from a brown paper bag).Then have students place one drop of oil on the paper.Next, have them think of three snack foods that they like to eat and have them write these foods on three separate pieces of brown paper.Then direct students to rub each paper with the snack name on it and wait a few minutes and observe the paper.Tell students to hold their paper up to the light to see if the oil shined through the paper.Have students compare each paper with the square with the oil, then record their data.Have students answer the questions: How did the oil change the paper, and which snack foods contained oil?   Activity Three For this activity have students search through grocery ads to identify healthy snack foods. Remind children that foods that are low in fat are healthy, and foods that have a lot of fat and oil are unhealthy. Then have students write down five snack foods that are healthy and tell why they chose them. Closure Refer back to your chart on why do you think people need to eat healthy snacks and go over their answers. Ask again, Why do we need to eat healthy? and see how their answers have changed. Assessment Use an assessment rubric to determine the students understanding of the concept. For example: Did the student conclude what snack foods are low in fat and healthy?Was the student able to distinguish different foods that were low in fat and high and in fat?Did the student choose healthy snack foods? Childrens Books to Further Explore Eating Healthy Snacks Nutrition written by Leslie Jean LeMaster: This book discusses our bodies nutritional needs.Nutrition: Whats in the Food We Eat written by Dorothy Hinshaw Patent: This book discusses fats and talks about the food groups.Healthy Snacks (Healthy Eating My Pyramid) written by Mari C. Schuh: This book discusses healthy snacks and how to eat healthy using the food plate guide.

Implications of Economics and Policy for Health Professionals Free Essays

Getzen, T. states, health is irreplaceable, and any change in health can strongly affect the value of many other goods. Health is more precious and time more limited than money. We will write a custom essay sample on Implications of Economics and Policy for Health Professionals or any similar topic only for you Order Now Managed Care is a system of health care that combines delivery and payment; and influences utilization of services, by employing management techniques designed to promote the delivery of cost-effective health care. Insurers/managed-care organizations controls health care in the United States today because nowhere are the changes in the U. S. health services system more evident and more constant than in area of managed care. The shift from fee-for-service to manage care was the need to reduce costs for care and was embraced by various payers as the solution to the unchecked rise in health services expenditures (Barton 2007). The current health care system in the United States is failing. Health Care costs are increasing at a pace which far exceeds inflation. Managed care organizations were established as a cost effective alternative to traditional fee for service. A constant and constantly changing factor that influences the delivery system is the strength of this economy (Barton 2007). When jobs are at stake in a weak economy and the housing market is also at its lowest, insurance premiums steadily increasing, individuals aren’t focused on maintaining health coverage they are more concern with maintaining their homes and trying to pay the mortgage. Health Care Administrators will be challenged with a number of different types of health decisions and choices can be distinguished from a wide range: individual decisions, health policy decisions, health action decisions, regulatory decisions regarding the health system, micro-level health decisions and decisions made outside of the health sector. PubMed suggests, with regard to health-related matters, decision-making is characterized by the level of uncertainty, the complexity of the health system and its structure, the role of urgency and the obligation to act; however, there is a significant emotional factor in these decisions and the supremacy of the individual in the decision-making process. On the policy side, health-related decision-making poses questions concerning the role of expertise and necessitates the development of public debate. As for the matter of health financing, namely through social security and insurance, it calls for a re-examination of the economic analysis of health decisions and policy and the development of a more coherent position on the right to health versus the right to universal coverage. Healthcare is changing in terms of how and where care is delivered, who is providing those services, and how that care is financed. Healthcare Administrators require trained staff to manage the changes taking place. Healthcare Administrators have an opportunity to make a significant contribution to improving the health of the communities their organizations serve. Health Care Administrators plays a key role in keeping cost at a minimum and oversee the delivery of quality care. It is a must that Administrators make effective decisions, they need to be open to different opinions and good at analyzing contradictory information. They must understand and incorporate the best business practices. Also their focus is integrating medicine through the highest quality, the most access, for the best economical method. (Linden 2010) How to cite Implications of Economics and Policy for Health Professionals, Papers

Implications of Economics and Policy for Health Professionals Free Essays

Getzen, T. states, health is irreplaceable, and any change in health can strongly affect the value of many other goods. Health is more precious and time more limited than money. We will write a custom essay sample on Implications of Economics and Policy for Health Professionals or any similar topic only for you Order Now Managed Care is a system of health care that combines delivery and payment; and influences utilization of services, by employing management techniques designed to promote the delivery of cost-effective health care. Insurers/managed-care organizations controls health care in the United States today because nowhere are the changes in the U. S. health services system more evident and more constant than in area of managed care. The shift from fee-for-service to manage care was the need to reduce costs for care and was embraced by various payers as the solution to the unchecked rise in health services expenditures (Barton 2007). The current health care system in the United States is failing. Health Care costs are increasing at a pace which far exceeds inflation. Managed care organizations were established as a cost effective alternative to traditional fee for service. A constant and constantly changing factor that influences the delivery system is the strength of this economy (Barton 2007). When jobs are at stake in a weak economy and the housing market is also at its lowest, insurance premiums steadily increasing, individuals aren’t focused on maintaining health coverage they are more concern with maintaining their homes and trying to pay the mortgage. Health Care Administrators will be challenged with a number of different types of health decisions and choices can be distinguished from a wide range: individual decisions, health policy decisions, health action decisions, regulatory decisions regarding the health system, micro-level health decisions and decisions made outside of the health sector. PubMed suggests, with regard to health-related matters, decision-making is characterized by the level of uncertainty, the complexity of the health system and its structure, the role of urgency and the obligation to act; however, there is a significant emotional factor in these decisions and the supremacy of the individual in the decision-making process. On the policy side, health-related decision-making poses questions concerning the role of expertise and necessitates the development of public debate. As for the matter of health financing, namely through social security and insurance, it calls for a re-examination of the economic analysis of health decisions and policy and the development of a more coherent position on the right to health versus the right to universal coverage. Healthcare is changing in terms of how and where care is delivered, who is providing those services, and how that care is financed. Healthcare Administrators require trained staff to manage the changes taking place. Healthcare Administrators have an opportunity to make a significant contribution to improving the health of the communities their organizations serve. Health Care Administrators plays a key role in keeping cost at a minimum and oversee the delivery of quality care. It is a must that Administrators make effective decisions, they need to be open to different opinions and good at analyzing contradictory information. They must understand and incorporate the best business practices. Also their focus is integrating medicine through the highest quality, the most access, for the best economical method. (Linden 2010) How to cite Implications of Economics and Policy for Health Professionals, Papers

Lost Gospel Of Saint Thomas Essay Research free essay sample

Lost Gospel Of Saint Thomas Essay, Research Paper The Gospel of Thomas is a aggregation of expressions attributed to Jesus of Nazareth. Unless it is simply a aggregation of stuffs that chiefly were drawn out of the Biblical Gospels, as seems improbable for most if non all of Thomas # 8217 ; expressions, so Thomas is the most of import historical beginning for cognition of Jesus of Nazareth that exists outside of the Bible. It is the most important manuscript of all time found for the history of earliest Christian religion. When the Gospel was written is question many bookmans are debated. Scholars say that it was written at about the same clip, even possibly slightly before, the Gospels in the bible. Their statement is that most of the expressions in Thomas show no marks of holding any dependance on, or cognition of, the Biblical Gospels and so Thomas # 8217 ; expressions derive from unwritten tradition and non from written Biblical texts. This doesn # 8217 ; t seem to hold been possible after the terminal of the first century when the Biblical texts began to be important in Christianity. Other bookmans find spots of grounds that indicate that Thomas was so dependent, in portion, on Biblical texts, and guess that the writer of Thomas must hold edited out about all indicants of the peculiar manners and thoughts of the Biblical writers. Those bookmans day of the month Thomas in the mid 2nd century A.D. Another great inquiry is of who wrote the Gospel. No 1 knows. The four canonical Gospels and Thomas and other Gospels such as the Gospel of Philip ( found at Nag Hammadi ) were given their names some clip in the 2nd century. Scholars of the New Testament by and large agree that none of the Gospels were written by people who had of all time met Jesus of Nazareth during his life-time. But at a ulterior day of the month names were assigned to them that were associated with celebrated persons in the earliest church. The name of the individual who purportedly wrote the Gospel of Thomas is given in the first lines of the text as # 8221 ; didymos Judas Thomas. # 8221 ; The word # 8221 ; didymos # 8221 ; is Grecian for twin and the word # 8221 ; Thomas # 8221 ; is Aramaic for twin. The single # 8217 ; s name was Judas, and his moniker # 8221 ; the twin # 8221 ; is given in two linguistic communications. The canonical Gospels mention a adult male named Thomas and John calls him didym os Thomas. There are besides several persons named Judas mentioned in the canonical Gospels in add-on to Judas called Iscariot. The bottom line is that we do non cognize who wrote the Gospel of Thomas and we can non be certain which Judas mentioned in the New Testament besides was nicknamed Thomas. Parts of three Grecian transcripts of the Gospel of Thomas were found in Oxyrhynchus Egypt about one hundred old ages ago. They are known as Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 1 ( Oxy P 1 ) likely written non much later than the twelvemonth 200, Oxy P 654, which can be dated to the center or terminal of the 3rd century, and Oxy P 655 dated non subsequently than A. D. 250 ( dating harmonizing to Grenfell and Hunt ) . A complete version in Coptic ( the indigen Egyptian linguistic communication written in an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet ) was found in Nag Hammadi Egypt in 1945. That version can be dated to about 340 A.D. The Coptic version is a interlingual rendition of the Grecian version. Most bookmans believe that the Gospel of Thomas was originally written in Syria in the Grecian linguistic communication. The basic position is that the Kingdom of God is spread out upon the Earth now, if people can merely come to see it ; and that there is godly visible radiation within all people, a visible radiation that can enable them to see the Kingdom of God upon the Earth. Further, the position of Thomas is that the Image of God in the beginning ( Genesis chapter One ) still exists and people can presume that individuality, an individuality that is neither male nor female. The image of God is differentiated from the fallen Adam of Genesis chapter Two. The Gospel of Thomas advocates that people should reconstruct their individualities as the image of God now, and see the Kingdom of God on Earth now. Thomas reads the first two chapters of Genesis in a straightforward manner, there were two separate creative activities of world ; the first is perfect, the 2nd flawed. Rather than waiting for a future end-time Kingdom to come, Thomas urges people to return to the perfect Kingdom conditions of Genesis chapter one. For Thomas Endzeit ( the concluding apogee of things ) already existed in the Urzeit ( the primordial originative clip of the yesteryear ) . How many words come from Jesus in the Gospel? Who knows for certain? If you take the set of expressions that are in Thomas and that are besides in the Gospels of Mark or Matthew or Luke ( no expressions in Thomas are besides in John ) so you have a set of expressions that instead faithfully come from Jesus. Scholars normally are so influenced by scriptural texts that they assume that any expressions in Thomas that don # 8217 ; t sound like expressions in Matthew/Mark/Luke are hence non expressions of Jesus. However, it is rather possible that Thomas retains expressions that the scriptural Gospels don # 8217 ; t retain and, so, that Thomas is more dependable as a usher to the kind of thing Jesus said than the scriptural Gospels are. Matthew/Mark/Luke give by and big the same point of position sing Jesus as a instructor. Thomas ( and to some extent John ) gives a slightly different point of position. Possibly Thomas # 8217 ; point of position derives from Jesus himself. Or, possibly , non. The Gospel of Thomas is, as you may cognize, non in the Bible. And likely neer will be. The scriptural canon is non unfastened for argument, it is a closed entity. A church that adds Thomas to its aggregation of Bibles would travel outside the borders of Orthodox Christianity and no well-known denomination has the slightest purpose of adding Thomas to its Bibles.

101 Argument Peer Review Professor Ramos Blog

101 Argument Peer Review Elevator Pitch Elevator Pitch Imagine you have one minute to present yourself and your ideas to someone who can implement your solution or make a change. What would you say in that one minute elevator ride to convince this person that your ideas are worthy of attention. You have ten floors to make a compelling case. Take a few minutes to figure out how to make your proposal professional, succinct, and interesting. Then, write it down. Today we will be peer reviewing the Solution Argument essay. Introductions Writing Effective Introductions Introductions are very important. The link above has some great examples and explanations for writing introductions. Much like an elevator pitch, an introduction has to make a good impression, grab your reader’s interest, and make them want to keep reading. Take the elevator pitch you just wrote and figure out how to work it into your introduction. The elevator pitch can work as the intro, or add to your intro, to make a case for reading the rest of the essay. Revise Using the Templates Starting on page 139, go through the questions looking at your own essay. Peer Editing Check their citations. Do they look correct? Are they missing any citations? Peer edit the same way you revise your own work.  Pay attention to global issues first. Don’t worry about grammar or sentence structure yet. Focus on improving and clarifying the ideas. Be specific in identifying problems or opportunities.  Explain what the problem you see if. Avoid vague language like â€Å"awkward.† Explain what it is that is awkward and give suggestions for how to improve. Offer suggestions for improvement.  If they are not mentioning a major counterargument, suggest it for them to address. If a point is unclear, explain how they can clarify it. Praise what is genuinely good in the paper.  No false praise. If you like a particular point or passage, let them know. Use proofreading symbols, if you know them. Otherwise, mark up the paper directly so that they will have a reference from which to revise their work. Keep comments tactful.  Treat other’s work as you would like to have your efforts treated. Stay on topic and don’t be mean or harsh, that is not productive. Class Review In groups of 4, come up with a list of the most helpful lessons, classes, readings, etc. from the course and why. Make a list of four or five and explain why. We will share these. 10 minutes to come up with the list.

drug War essays

drug War essays How many people have heard about the Drug War the US is supposedly fighting? A few months ago in another class we were asked whether we thought Marijuana should be legalized in class and seven people were against legalizing it, six were for it, and four were undecided. Those numbers are pretty close and could have gone either way if the undecided had picked one side or the other. Much of the drug war puts Marijuana users away. There are many arguments for and against the Drug War that the US is trying to fight and much of it pertains to the mandatory minimum sentencing the US has and the cost of keeping drug users in jail. The number one reason why I believe we should stop the so called drug war in this country is that the government is spending to much of our taxes to fight a losing battle. I have not seen any results in this fight and believe it is a waste of time and money. There are many ways the government is wasting our money on this fight. Former President Bill Clinton gave hundreds of billions of dollars to Columbia and other countries governments to help stop drugs from coming into the US. These countries governments probably receive money from the drug dealers in there country to sell drugs in the US. Then before Bill Clinton left office he pardoned a number of drug users including his half brother. Although I agree with letting these people go I find it a bit hypocritical. Another way the government is spending our taxes is by allowing outrageous laws and mandatory minimum sentences that lock tens of thousands of people up for possession longer then someone who rapes or murders someone. According to the US Justice Department Bureau of Prison Statistics about 60% of federal prisoners are drug offenders and just 3% are violent offenders. Whereas violent offenders serve an average of 54% of their prison term, drug offenders are legally required to se ...

Historical site visiting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Historical site visiting - Essay Example Another identifiable element at the site is a mausoleum located on a hill. The mausoleum was named after its constructor, Austell. A lamp with marks from Atlanta’s bombing of the nineteenth century is also a feature of the site. The lamp is located near one of the site’s major graves. The cemetery is also identified with burials of prominent historic people in the locality. It is a resting place for a number of former local mayors (Oakland, p. 1). Diversity and stratification is another observable feature of the site. It is divided into sections, each with distinct characteristics. The most notable is the ‘Confederate’ area that is identified for burial of civil war soldiers. A monument, called ‘confederate obelisk’ that was established to mark the end of civil war, rest in the section. There is also an identifiable area with Jewish culture embedded in the graves’ designs. ‘Potter’s section’ and ‘black section’ are also identified sites of the cemetery that illustrate segregation on economic and racial basis. It is explained that the poor, who could not afford graveyards were buried at the potter’s section while the designated ‘black section’ is associated with the period of racial discrimination and was majorly for burial of blacks. A mass grave, associated with victims of yellow fever in the nineteenth century is also characteristic of the cemetery. The site is however not as active as in earlier period as many of the dated graves were used before the twenty first century (Oakland, p. 1). One of the strengths of the site is its preservation of history. Division of the cemetery into sections, each with distinct features communicates historical social stratification that was extended to the cemetery. Similarly, monuments that were established in the site preserves history of the events upon which they were developed (Oakland, p. 1). The cemetery’s sight also communicates weaknesses. Lack or repair and

Analytical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analytical - Essay Example The prosperity of a country, according to Han Fei, can be safeguarded only when the lawmakers and the law-keepers are strong and efficient. A king is not defined by his personal failings but by his ability to ensure the maintenance and applications of public laws. Along with a strong upper hand in dealing with public laws, he must also be ruthless in suppressing internal conspiracies and disputes, for a kingdom that is weak from within will always be an easy and constant target of the enemy clans. Intended Audience Having reviewed Han Fei’s political musings, drawn from Han Feizi, I think it is important to ascertain the intended audience at whom this particular tract was aimed. I believe, given the author’s own politically charged background as well as exalted lineage, it can be safely said that much of his political strategies were drawn from personal experience and was intended to address the ruling class in particular. Reflections of the Author on Politics and Penal ties With great humanist emphasis on equality, he puts forward his thoughts on royal duties and legalities of the time. Han Fei, himself of royal descent, plainly spurns the unequal treatment often carried out by law keepers. He insists that there should be no unjust preferences given to the nobility. The common and the noble subject should all be treated as equal in the eyes of law. No one should try to gain favors by bribery or flattery. The guilty must be punished, and no offender should be allowed lenience, notwithstanding the exalted rank of the criminal or the humbleness of the victim. Lewdness and sexual excess must be suppressed as should internal discord and discontent. And according to Han Fei, the only way this can be achieved is by inculcating a deep fear of retribution within his subjects. The superiority of a ruler can be ascertained by the way he handles and controls his ministers and advisors. They may be negotiated only through two operative actions of the king: des erved adulation and acclaim upon great achievement or service; and severe punishment, torture and death upon defection or conspiracy. In conclusion, I believe, Han Fei’s legal philosophies seeks the better conditions of the masses even while advocating the most ruthless measures in ensuring the precedence of the sovereign ruler. Analysis of ‘Be a Scribe’ Purpose of the Author Han Fei was a follower of the Great Historian Laozi, who countered the Confucian practice of the art of persuasive speech by placing vital emphasis on the art of writing instead. The post-Confucian legacy of Laozi’s creative and artistic philosophy reaches its fruitful zenith in the hands of Han Fei. It is told that Han Fei himself suffered from a speech impediment - an embarrassing stammer - that did not bode well for a career of oral mastery. Therefore, he was inclined, both by nature and by habit, to improve upon his calligraphy and immense gift of the written word and in his text, he intends his audience to do the same. In his instructive work, Be a Scribe, he begins with a direct address to the reader. He exhorts us to pursue the noble art of scripting, to eschew dancing and replace the sports and hunting with the finer activity of writing. The master then goes on to unfavorably compare the pursuit of â€Å"the scroll and the palette†

Examining The Accuracy Of Plymouth Plantation Religion Essay

Examining The Accuracy Of Plymouth Plantation Religion Essay Bradfords Plymouth Plantation, contains records of the Pilgrims settlement in the New World. This document represents the history of one of the first colonies in New England that founded our countries religion, culture, and history. Some historians wonder if Bradfords documentation of the Plymouth settlement is accurate. Even though Bradfords personal views and bias are evident throughout the passage there is still a lot of factual evidence that would be lost with out this manuscript. Bradford has been an inspirational writer to many, such as Cotton Mather, William Hubbard, Thomas Prince, and Thomas Hutchinson. Of Plymouth Plantation, is separated into two books dating from 1620 to 1650. Bradford, apparently wrote the first book in 1630 (Shuffleton), and goes into detail of the Separatist movement. The main points of the book include: the Separatists afraid of religious persecution, fleeing from England to Holland, settling in Leiden, their voyage on the Mayflower, and their experiences in New England. Bradford orders his material not only chronologically but teleologically, into chapters that are organized topically as well as in terms of sequences of events, and he indicates in numerous ways that his history is plotted and moving toward a particular outcome (Read). The way in which Bradford wrote this book is why it has been so influential. It is easy to follow and a timeline is evident throughout. He goes into detail on instances that he finds important. For example, in what he called the First Encounter, an Indian attack occurred and he went into meticulous detail of how the Indians loo ked, sounded, and how they interacted with the pilgrims. But about midnight they heard hideous and great cryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they concluded it was a company of wolves or such like wild beasts (Perkins 56). This text gives insight to how the Indians responded to the Pilgrims invasion. The second book was written between 1646 and 1650, and is a form of annals dating from 1630 to 1650, which tells of the Pilgrims day to day life. His use of annals proved accurate when compared to colony records that would have been available to him at that time. Bradford writes most of history out of nostalgia (Wenska). This means that he has a yearning for the past and uses bible verses to compare to whats happening in the colony. This is seen when Bradford compares the Plymouth settlers to the Israelites of the old testament, when their time of wandering is over, spiritual principles are settled, and now the Pilgrims must face the spiritual uncertainties of history as they strive to build their own Can aan (Shuffleton). In the bible, the Israelites were Gods chosen people, and God granted them the power to dominate Canaan. Everything was made abundant to them, until they started to sin. Once they started to defy Gods word, God took away the inheritance he had given them. Bradford says this in hopes that his Separatists can overcome their sinful nature and remain faithful to God, and in return keep New England, the land God has granted them. His own personal beliefs and views were definitely evident throughout the text. He regarded himself as an instrument of God (Perkins 49). He believed that God helped people overcome obstacles through faith, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but they cried unto the Lord and he heard their voice and looked on their adversity (Shuffleton). On the Mayflower there was a young man who thought highly of himself and cursed the sick. But it pleased God before they came half seas over, to smite this young man with a grievous disease, of which he died in a desperate manner, and so was himself the first that was thrown overboard. Thus his curses light on his own head, and it was an astonishment to all his fellows for they noted it to be the just hand of God upon him (Perkins 51). This text shows Bradfords belief that God has a hand in everything was shared by the Separatists. In his description of Plymouth, there were two rather sharply divided groupsthe saints, or members of the Separatist church, and the strange rs, or Non-separatistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Obviously Bradford held the saints in much higher esteem then he did the strangers, who were often disruptive of the peace of the colony (Westbrook). His favoritism can also be seen when he omits most of the facts concerning incidents when the Separatists are being disloyal to God. For example when they fight amongst themselves in Amsterdam, or slaughter the Indians at Wessagusset. But, in Plymouth in 1642, when there were outbreaks of burglary, adultery, and fornification (Westbrook), he didnt seize to leave out any details of their wickedness. After Bradford discusses the outbreak of flagrant sin he ends his narrative with the headings, Anno 1647, and Anno 1648, leaving them blank. Peter Gays says, Bradford ends his history in silence (Shuffleton). One can also tell hes partial to the Separatists by his depictions of characters. He differentiates between admiral characters who, are members of the Separatist congregation and the despicable ones , who are either unchurched or have Anglican sympathies (Westbrook). When he speaks of William Brewster whom he admires and considers a father figure, he speaks only of his strengths. When speaking of someone he dislikes he explains their weaknesses, and why they are not trustworthy. His tendency seems to be toward caricature and ridicule in depicting persons whom he disliked, such as Lyford, Weston, Thomas Morton, and Oldham (Westbrook). Many historians have used Plymouth Plantation as a resource in writing their books, due to the accuracy and detailed history of the early settlement. This entire passage has been treated as an early interpretation of the American landscape and an illustration of English preconceptions about that landscape as wilderness' (Read). Nathaniel Morton, Bradfords nephew, had copied large parts from Plymouth Plantation and was considered very important when his uncles original works had been lost. Increase Mather used it as a source for his account of Indian Wars. Increases son, Cotton, later used it for his own history of the Plymouth Colony. William Hubbard used it in his writing of the General History of New England from the Discovery to MDCLXXX. Thomas Prince quoted and paraphrased many passages in his Chronological History of New England in the form Annals in 1736. It has been influential because of how Bradford handled time relationships, characterized individuals and groups, and focuse d on events that he thought were important. Bradford helped to demonstrate the workings of divine providence for the edification of future generations (Gould). This document has saved past history that would have otherwise been lost. The years since these early literary historians wrote has neither dulled nor lessened our admiration for Bradford as either historian or man of letters (Wenska). It will continue to contribute to the American culture for generations to come. Bradfords Of Plymouth Plantation can not be classified as objective history, because he incorporated too much of his own personal beliefs and values. Instead it can be used as a history book for the foundation of New England. Early authors saw its importance and incorporated it into their own writings. It has helped shape our differing religions, culture, and literature that can be found in todays era.

Africa

This achievement was done because of their positioning in Africa which gave them better trade networks. More, the Gush broke for Egyptians and moved to More in 590 BCC. They lived several hundred years off of farming, iron, mining and trading. Oromo, The Oromo people spent lot of time looking for better land to settle. Finally they conquered land ruled by the Gaze and Solomon, they became very wealthy depending on trade of coffee. Great Zanzibar, The amalgamation of the Bantu helped Great Zanzibar. Along with other cities they prospered by sending goods to theIndian cost. The people of Zanzibar relied not only on trading but also cattle herding, and agriculture. Exam Oromo More Great Zanzibar Social First: king Second Nobles, soldiers Third: citizens Last: slaves Gad system, which helped all citizens First: king or queen Second: priest, soldiers Third: Merchants, Artisans, Farmers. Last Enslaved people. Very strict and marrying somebody In a different class was not liked. Economic tr aded Ivory, exotic animal skins, gold and more with other countries Mainly agriculture of several crops Paid taxes annual to the king. Anomy based on cattle husbandry, crop cultivation, and the trade of gold political Used their gained power from trading to keep a centralized state and their people tightly controlled. Gad government developed by citizens, we do not know when the system emerged. Different from Egypt. Political freedom Some political problems was the Racial divide and economic interest. Religious descendants of the Hebrews, and adopted Christianity There are three main religions in Oromo, Roomier, (their traditional religion), Islam and Christianity.Greatly influenced by Egyptians , but also introduced their own Gods, most important Epidermal, a lion God A firm monotheistic faith. Landmarks or Monuments More; Pyramids of Sudan= located in the North-East of Sudan near the banks of the Nile, almost 200 pyramids in a relatively small area. Exam; Stella= built for a relig ious purpose. Most likely a funeral monument Horn of Africa= peninsula in the East of Africa National Monument= approximately 30 km from Amassing Summary Exam, a combination of Arabs and Africans who settled in the Red Sea Exam became err powerful even being the wealthiest of the kingdoms in the first century.This conquered land ruled by the Gaze and Solenoids, they became very wealthy depending on trade of coffee. Great Zanzibar, The migration of the Bantu helped Images Historic Importance All four cities are so important for what they have in their past. What they left us with, like the Exam with the Stella. â€Å"An old man or old woman die is like losing a library. † Learning how our ancestors survived and worked together is important to never forget. Visiting this places is something you will never forget and never regret.

Strategic Corporate Communication in Vodacom

Strategic Corporate Communication is communication that happens in a corporation e. g. business, company, shop or group of companies. It is about laying a plan to reach the intended objectives of the company. Let say if the company needs to make profits it should have its strategic plan to reach that goal. On the other hand, those strategic plans must involve internal and external public. Mainly Strategic Corporate Communication is supported by a detailed research plan. Corporate communication is now making its entrance in Tanzania though it claims historical links to the field of Public Relations. The core functions of corporate communications are more similar to those of Public Relations though they differ a bit. This paper is going to examine the Vodacom Tanzania company, to see how they implement Strategic corporate communication techniques and make the company the so successful in mobile communication industry in the country. The study also is interested to know how Vodacom communicates with its employees, the external audiences and other stake holders. INTRODUCTION The field of corporate communication has developed to a large extent since its first inception in the mid-90s. Corporate communication began as what many of us recognize as Public Relations (PR). The function of earlier PR departments was focused on preventing media from getting too close to management. Argenti argues that â€Å"the first PR professional were asked to protect the company from bad publicity, often by ‘spinning’ damaging news in a positive light. † This idea became popular through the 1960s, however, organizations soon found that external communication was not the only solution to their communication problems. Argenti, J. F. (2002) Strategic Corporate Communication refers to communicating a concept, a process, or data that satisfies a long term strategic goal of an organization. It is communication that happens in a corporation. It is about laying a plan so that to reach the intended objectives of the company. In fact, Corporate Communication is a managerial position which is involves managing and coordinating all internal and external communications. It deals with the dissemination of information by a variety of specialists in an organization, with the common goal of enhancing the organization's ability to retain its license to operate. Strategic Corporate Communication can do a lot for an organization. It is a new way for an organization to respond to a changed business landscape that results from today's networked communication environment. Strategic Corporate Communication helps to build organization image, combining its vision, mission and values and supports the organization by communicating them to all of its stakeholders; to mobilize internal and external support behind corporate objectives; to develop plans that will minimize differences between the organization's desired identity and brand features. Argenti, J. F. (2002) Like in most countries in Africa; in Tanzania, Corporate communication is making its entrance though I can say in a slower pace. A number of local organizations still embrace the Public Relations traditions. The forces behind this transformation from Public Relations to Corporate communications has its base in globalization whereby regional economies, societies, and cultures have been included in a global network of political ideas through communication, transportation, and trade. The mixing of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment and the spread of technology has changed the world of business in so many ways. Companies have to manage their communications to the employees and the publics, Industries have to advertise their products so that to face increased competition. The need to employ corporate communication personnel in their businesses was not an option. This paper is going to examine the role of strategic corporate communications in Vodacom Tanzania limited and problems that may arise from this process. Background of Vodacom Tanzania limited. Vodacom Tanzania Ltd is a subsidiary company of Vodacom (Pty) Ltd based in South Africa. Vodacom (Pty) Ltd owns a majority share portion of 65%, the remaining 35% is owned by a local company called Mirambo. Vodacom Tanzania was issued its license in December 1999 and commenced operations in august 2000. By August 2000, Vodacom (T) Ltd completed its state of the art GSM infrastructure and went live on August 14, 2000. On August 15, 2000 Vodacom (T) Ltd officially started its commercial operations. Vodacom is a profit making company. The core functions of Vodacom Tanzania limited is to provide mobile communication services focusing on voice and data communications, with a great emphasis of quality and coverage. Recently, Vodacom has positioned itself as a total communication provider with the launch of Vodacom business which is one stop solution for corporate data needs, specifically catered to address the need for high speed internet, data and Virtual Private Networking (VPN) powered by 3G and WiMAX services. Vodacom, (No. 01, 2009) Vodaworld Tanzania, magazine. Tanzania has adopted a free market economy. The growth of cross-cultural contacts; arrival of new categories of realization which symbolize cultural diffusion, the desire to increase one's standard of living and enjoy foreign products through free marketing, adoption of new ideas and new technology are the results of globalization policy. Therefore, Vodacom is lucky to operate in such a country where there is no political, economic, social or cultural restrictions. Vodacom Tanzania limited has a corporate communication office. It is reflected in its organization structure, and is referred to as The Head of Division of Corporate Affairs who reports direct to the Vodacom Managing Director. (see appendex1). The corporate Affairs office has to take care of employee relations, community relations, media relations, government relations, investor relations, advertising and marketing communications functions. This indicates that communication is a core value to Vodacom. Vodacom strategic corporate communication plan is to incorporate internal and external stake holders very closely to an overall corporate communication strategy. To keep them informed on the progress of implementing the strategy and to ensure that communications with the Vodacom management is directed to strategic planning development. This strategic corporate communication plan gives Vodacom an opportunity to link strategy with communications and preserves the direct connection with the management. Strategy and corporate communication case studies. The corporate communication function needs to add significant value to the business and must be fully aligned with those making high impact strategic decision for the company. Every organization has its goals, and we need to develop a strategy to accomplish those goals. Through corporate communication it is easier to know the organization vision (where we want to go) and mission (reasons for existence). Then the strategy has to be communicated so that to bring changes. This is where the corporate communicators intervene to help the internal workers and external audience to understand the organization. A study done in United States 2004, By Tim Leberecht, titled ‘Internal branding as a strategic corporate communications tool†; A case study of JetBlue Airways, has shown clearly how these two combinations can do to an organization. JetBlue Airways gains its high customer loyalty by making its employees understand and experience the brand character. The researcher defines Brand as the internalized totality of all impressions received by consumers resulting in a distinctive position in their mind’s eye based on perceived emotional and functional benefits, Knapps, (2001 p. 22). He explains that Internal branding includes promoting the main corporate brand to the employee base in a fashion that makes them understand the connection between brand promise and brand delivery. Tosti & Stotz (2001). Internal branding then leads to a marketing strategy, as (De Chernatony 2001, p. 5) puts it â€Å"People’s impressions of brands are more strongly influenced by the staff they interact with†. The study uses qualitative research methods and draws on both primary and secondary sources. Through the analysis of secondary sources including articles and magazine features the brand character as perceived by customers is identified. Primary sources, including email correspondence, newsletters, or Intranet content, indicate how the airline accomplishes its strong customer loyalty by making its employees understand and experience the brand character. JetBlue Airways Corp is a relatively young organization (founded in 2000) has implemented internal branding from the very beginning as a founding pillar of its business model. The internal communication strategy in JetBlue corporate practice has work so powerful due to the implementation of additional training or incentives that are necessary to encourage, support, and reward the employees required behavior. In JetBlue Airways the employees are behind the success of the corporation because they totally identify with their brand as a result they become good ambassadors of their own brand to the public. The internal branding as a communication strategy have given a chance for the JetBlue employees to experience the brand and feel the connection of the brand to themselves as a result support to deliver the brand promise. Another study done in United States 1984, By Michael Dell; A case study of Dell Corporation. Dell was found by Michael Dell in 1984. Dell company is producing both customer based PC’s and also organizational based servers. Dell’s sales came from enterprise products and73% from desktops & notebooks. Their basic purpose is to cut off middleman and selling to customers directly for its lower cost. This organization is having well image in US & Global market. Though Its structure is complex and fluid; the organization has a well disciplined direct communication system known as â€Å"direct Mails system† for its customers and employees in organization. It is the easiest way of communication because everyone in organization can talk to higher authority. Team communication is very strong in Dell. The company has relationship with GCI & other public-relation firms. Dell looked internet as a source of staying connected with these agencies by using its own extranet for file sharing and online dialogue about specific issues. Talking about its corporate strategy, company strategy came from senior management rather than formal strategy process. Michael Dell found its strategy very important. Dell would find in late 2002 that its commitment to communication played a direct role in allowing company to implement strategy, even during crisis situation. And of course, Dell prove itself a successful company from both customer and financial perspectives in market during this crisis. Dell established formal and structured approach for team communication including standing meetings and conference calls. However, Dell spends low budget on research & development. The researcher concluded that Dell has a good image in the market that is why it is still in the market. Its corporate communication was effective and its appropriate strategies have been applied to satisfy customer and the employees. Although there had been crisis but Dell was able to handle situations because of its proper communication techniques. However, the researcher recommends the company to spend more budgets on Research and Development sector and to retain its lower cost commodities according to its goals and strategies. As we have seen Communication is a core value in Dell. Team communication is very strong in Dell. That is why in late 2002 its commitment to communication played a direct role in allowing company to implement strategy, even during crisis situation. Corporate Communication strategy in Dell focuses on team communication which includes standing meetings, conference calls and by emails. This kind of communication strategy (direct mails system) have worked so powerfully for them due to the fact that the system creates a good platform for interaction between the management and the employees (internal communication), as well as between the company and their customers by selling direct to them without the middle men. On the other hand, JetBlue Airways recognized that internal employees has a big part to play to make the company successful. Companies can save considerable time and by ensuring a measure of compatibility between their employees and their corporate or product brand. Communication Audit of Vodacom Tanzania Limited. As noted by Columbia University’s Centre of Continuing Education, a good communication strategy is a map that connects the present state of an organization to a future desired state. In order to design a good customer relations plan, it is important to evaluate how an organization has been dealing with its customers in the past and whether such communication approaches have had good impacts on the organization or not. According to Vodacom communication policy (2007), Vodacom Tanzania Limited operates throughout the country and has offices in all regions both in Island and Mainland. In order to achieve both smooth operations as well as to keep employees well updated, Vodacom opted for multiple channels of communication in order to implement the internal communication. Notice boards; news letter called Voda News and internal memos are some of the channels of communication which are used at Vodacom to implement internal communication. Other channels of communication used to run internal communication are online news letter, telephone, outlook emailing system is the main tool which controls the internal communication flow in the company. This system is very fast and offers instant feedback from employees. As we have seen in both case studies earlier, that effective internal communication systems is particularly crucial when organizations operates in an environment of rapid and sustained changes like Vodacom. Organizations must be innovative to be able to respond and adapt to the challenges presented by such changes. It is now increasingly evident that those organizations which promote good internal communication reap positive share in meeting these challenges. In most occasions, employees’ disloyalty and lack of commitment to organizational goals are a result of lack of effective two ways communication between management and employees. In a publication titled â€Å"Designing a Communications Strategy† by the International Research Center of Canada (IDRC) it is emphasized that reviewing a company’s past and present ways of dealing with its publics is an essential first step in designing a good corporate communications strategy. In this case the first public to deal with is the employees. Recommendations. Channels of communication adopted by Vodacom to implement Internal Communication are notice boards, news letter, internal memos, online news letter, telephone, outlook emailing system. All these channels are quite good. However, I would recommend a reliable and proactive communication strategy to be used. Off late Vodacom has decided to change its brand. Before the launching of a new brand, most of Vodacom employees were kept in the dark except those working in corporate communication department. The Vodacom corporate communication professionals should know that when employees are informed about the brand after the brand has been defined and positioned, they will be a passive audience. As we have learnt in both case studies that Strategic corporate communication is the heart of any organization. Being a communication company, Vodacom Tanzania should make sure that more budget is allocated on research and development, maintain a good communication system within the company, maintain its strategy by communicating with the customers, management and all other important pillars of their company. Whatever plans they have must be well known internally and well communicated externally to their customers and other share holders. That is the biggest secret if they want to remain the number one service provider in mobile communication industry. Conclusion: This paper has analyzed strategy and corporate communication in Vodacom Tanzania. Like any other profit making company Vodacom has strategies and objectives to achieve. Through well articulated corporate communication techniques Vodacom has managed to be the leading mobile company in the country. However, there are some areas need to be improved, especially on strategy development where by internal employees are being side lined so far.

Swot Analysis The Modern Enterprise Management And Planning

1. Introduction In the modern enterprise management and planning, SWOT analysis is a widely known diagnostic tool. Generally SWOT analysis is used to identify the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the enterprise itself, and then combine the company s strategy with the internal resources and external environment. In fact, it is a systematic framework which helps managers to build organization strategies and market planning. However, Some findings from Menon (1999) and Hill and Westbrook (1997) have suggested that SWOT may harm performance. In their case study, all the applications showed similar characteristics including long lists and general descriptions. SWOT analysis seemed to be a failure to prioritize and there had no attempt to verify any points. As a result no company subsequently used the outputs within the later stages of the strategy process. Therefore, Hill(1997) asserted the continued use of the SWOT analysis needs to be questioned. 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