Christmas carol Essay

In a Christmas carol by Charles Dickens, scrooge becomes a reformed character by the end of the story. Explain how effectively Dickens shows the extent of these character changes. The story tells of scrooge who is transported through time to the Christmas’ of his childhood, the present and the future. The following essay will take you through these time periods. At the beginning of the story scrooge is portrayed as a dull, bleak character. On the front cover for example we can see scrooge in a dark room on his own. The only light is from the small candle on his mantle piece. He has grey hair and a long pointy nose. Scrooge’s personality was very negative and dull. We know that his attitude is bad as when his nephew wishes him a merry Christmas he replies â€Å"bah, humbug. â€Å"scrooges nephew then again wishes scrooge a merry Christmas but again only gets a response of â€Å"what reason have you to be merry, you’re poor enough † when scrooges nephew replies â€Å"you’re rich enough what reason have you to be dismissal† scrooge has no answer to that question. As well as showing us scrooge’s negative personality it also shows us his attitude towards Christmas. Scrooge also has a negative attitude towards the poor. We learn about this as when the charity collectors come, one says â€Å"at this time of year it is usually more than desirable that we should make some slight provision for the poor. † â€Å"Are there no prisons† replied scrooge At hearing this, the inspector says â€Å"yes plenty, but many can’t go there and many would rather die. † A cold hearted scrooge then replies â€Å"well then they had better do it quick and decrease the surplus population. † The collectors were astonished and after this they realised there would be no point in pursuing there point. The gentlemen left. After this incident a couple of carol singers called at scrooge’s house. As soon as scrooge opened the door he raised a large stick and the small boys fled. At the end of the story scrooge became a completely reformed character. He walked the streets with a smile on his face; he then also went to church and watched the people hurrying to and fro. He looked into kitchens of houses and found that anything could yield him pleasure. Earlier on in the story scrooge was invited to his nephews Christmas dinner. He rejected the invite. Later that afternoon he turned his steps towards the party. He walked in and said â€Å"where is my love† â€Å"He’s in the dining room â€Å"said the servant. Scrooge made his way to the dining room and when he walked in everyone looked at him bemused. â€Å"Why bless my soul† cried Fred â€Å"who’s that† â€Å"Its I, your uncle scrooge, I have come to dinner. Will you let me in Fred? † â€Å"Of course† replied Fred. After the party instead of scrooges usual party pooper image he cried â€Å"wonderful party, wonderful games, wonderful unanimity, wonderful happiness. † Scrooge was completely reformed. Another thing that proved scrooges reformation was when Bob Cratchit turned up late for work. He was pleading with scrooge not to fire him. Instead scrooge said â€Å"a very merry Christmas and offered him a pay rise. The reader is kept interested by the ghosts that challenge scrooge each time. Once scrooge has past the first challenge the reader wants to stay and see if he passes the next one. Once he passes the second challenge the level of tension rises. After passing the third challenge scrooge remembers what he was like at the start of the story. Some of the words he used come back to haunt him. The overall message is that you don’t have to be a ‘scrooge’ if you consider others misfortunes and try to help out as much as possible. You will lead a much happier life if you are thoughtful and considerate. The story makes you wonder which side of scrooge you are most similar to. It leaves a clear question in your head. † how could I change? â€Å"

Scenarios Review Activity

Jones' students brings err a thank-you gift, she feels her heartbeat pick up and thinks how wonderful she feels as she experiences the joy Of receiving the gift. 4. At the end of her junior year, Susie is registering for classes for her last year of high school. She decides to register for an entire schedule of less-than-challenging elective classes, thinking to herself that everyone can get an A in those classes, so I'll blend right in. 5. John gets his exam score back in AP Psychology, sees the A+ he earned, and as his heartbeat picks up and his breathing speeds he feels an overwhelming life and excitement at his hard work paying off. . After running a marathon and burning an immense amount of calories, Jorge goes to Buffalo Wild Wings and eats fifty chicken wings and an order of potato wedges, downing 5 glasses of water. He probably? 7. Philip is a rather uptight person (what personality type is ), who is now suffering congestive heart failure due to years of compounding life prob lems, including financial trouble, marital struggles, and a high-stakes career with the federal government. 8.Josses decides to pursue a career in law because she understands it, she's good at it, but it still presents a challenge, rather than pursuing medical degree due to her struggles in science classes. 9. Michael Phelps has decided to come out of retirement and work to become the best swimmer he can possibly be at the next summer Olympics (as long as he can stay away from drugs and alcohol :-)) 10. While watching Paranormal Activity 38 , Franks heart pounds, he starts to sweat, and his pupils dilate, then he feels as scared as he's ever felt in his life. KEY instinct 1 .When touched on the cheek, newborn baby Nolan turns his head ND opens his mouth to receive the potential food. Moscow s- physiological 2. Every afternoon, in her first grade classroom, Mrs.. Jones gives students a snack so that they aren't hungry and can focus better on their learning. Two-factor 3. When one of Mrs.. Jones' students brings her a thank-you gift, she feels her heartbeat pick up and thinks how wonderful she feels, when she then experiences the joy of receiving the gift. Low-achievement motivation 4. At the end of her junior year, Susie is registering for classes for her last year of high school.She decides to register for an entire schedule of less-than- challenging elective classes, thinking to herself that everyone can get an A in those classes, so I'll blend right in. Cannon-Bard 5. John gets his exam score back in AP Psychology, sees the A+ he earned, and as his heartbeat picks up and his breathing speeds he feels an overwhelming relief and excitement at his hard work paying off. Drive-Reduction 6. After running a marathon and burning an immense amount of calories, Jorge goes to Buffalo Wild Wings and eats fifty chicken wings and an order of Toto wedges, downing 5 glasses of water.

The Street Hawker

Street hawkers are very common in India. They can be found here, there and everywhere. There is hardly any village, town or a city without street hawkers. They have been there for countries. They go from one town to another town and street for selling their various articles. A street hawker comes with his basket full of fruits, vegetables, sweets, and articles of general use. He may come with a big bundle of clothes or shawls on his back. He is very useful. He brings the bazaar to our door-steps and makes life easy and convenient. He is welcomed by all, particularly by ladies, old men and children. He has no fixed hours. If he is there in this colony in the morning, he will be in the next street in the evening. He has his own way of selling goods and calling the customers. The things he hawks are cheaper. On seeing him come children and ladies flock him to purchase things of daily need. He can also liked by schools during recess time. His eatables are liked by school children as they are cheap and tasty. There is a lot of haggling. Sometimes a hawker has to come to terms with his old customers and sell things on reduced rates. Sometimes hawkers cause nuisance by distributing the peace of the locality by their loud cells. They often throw wrappers, fruit-skins and leaf-plates here and there. Many a time a hawker may indulge in theft or stealing. An anti-social element may also be there in the guise of a street hawker. It is not safe to purchase things from unknown hawkers. Hawkers should be registered and licenced to check cheating and mal-practices. They may cheat small children and supply cheap and harmful eatables. Sometimes a hawker may turnout a child-lifter. Thousands and thousands of poor people earn their daily bread by hawking. It is a very useful self-employment which can be started with a very small amount of money. There is no harm in earning one's bread and butter by hawking. Government should try to help them by giving loans on cheap rates of interest. Their lot should be improved as citizens of the country. As hawkers, they render a useful service. Instead of becoming a burden on the society, they support themselves and their families by adopting this profession. So far no social group or government agency has done anything to organise them.

Reports for ODE Complaints Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reports for ODE Complaints - Essay Example There is one major issue in the case of the District. The District accepted that it has not given specialized education services, as illustrated by the IPEs (Mitchell, 2012). This was due to inadequate competent staffs, to provide the specialized services. The District and the Special Education director did not adhere to the principles of IDEA. The District must have free and appropriate education. The specialized education services must be entirely provided at the expense of the public. Adequate evaluation should be provided to every child who is suspected to have disability. The District did not conduct the evaluation exercise, to determine the number of children with disabilities, and the nature of the disabilities. Due to inadequate staffs, the IEP was not effectively implemented. The IEP illustrates the obligation of the public agency to provide specialized services. Only a few students benefited, and many lesson hours were missed. Learners with disabilities must adequately access the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE). This is through effective use of the general education classes and curriculum. The district is presently underway to hire an agency that can effectively provide the general curriculum and classes. This is because the agencies are competently equipped to offer the specialized services. Adequate participation of both parents and students in the decision making process should be ensured. The parents seems to understand the benefits of the specialized education to learners wit h disabilities. This is the reason why they filed a complaint against the District for the poor implementation of the special education program. The procedural safeguards are weak in the District (Mitchell, 2012). This is because the children with disabilities do not receive special education, in an appropriate environment. The findings illustrate that the district did not adhere to the IEPs. This is by failing to

The internationalization strategies and activities of Bentley in China Dissertation

The internationalization strategies and activities of Bentley in China - Dissertation Example COMMENDATIONS 35 7.1 Revisiting Hypotheses 35 7.2 Recommendations 36 References 38 1. INTRODUCTION International business concerns with the transactions (service to foreign markets) that take place across the national borders, they usually involve more than one country (Punnett 2011). International business differs from domestic business because in international business there are variations in commercial environment and requirements (Punnett 2011). International business is much more complex to manage and involves money conversion. Working in international markets must be done within the limitations imposed by international trade and investment system. There are more risks involved in international business as well such as political risk, cross-cultural risk, exchange rate risk and commercial risk (Hendrix 1991). Despite these risks, firms go global because they get access to wider markets for their products, they can realize economies of scale and/or scope, and they can benefit fro m experiential learning (Hiriyappa 2013). An understanding of globalization is also necessary when studying international business (Khanna, Palepu &Sinha 2005). Globalization is a greater integrated and interdependent world economy that has resulted in greater integration of goods market, production and supply and labor and capital market (Mrak 2000). Although the purpose of globalization was to improve the economy of the world and to remove trade barriers (Trade in a Globalizing World, 2008), globalization today has emerged as a big challenge for businesses. It has become relatively difficult to identify the internationalization strategies and choose the countries to conduct business with (Hill 2005). It has been observed that most multinational firms follow the traditional internationalization strategies and thus struggle to make their presence felt in the host country. It has also been observed that multinational firms find it easier to invest in developed countries rather than e merging economies. Firms find choosing the correct internationalization tool and the appropriate mode of entry particularly difficult when entering an emerging market (Palepu, n.d.). 1.1 Research Purpose, Aims and Objectives The main aim of this research study is to explore the process of internationalization in the context of an emerging economy. China is selected for this study and internalization strategies and activities of Bentley has been explored. The study aims to explore in detail the theories of internalization and then apply it on the case of Bentley that how Bentley has managed to excel in China so well in the face of competition and globalization. The study

The Confucian virtue of Chun Tzu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Confucian virtue of Chun Tzu - Essay Example One aspect in American society that I feel Chun tzu would work especially well is in our current politics. One might assume that Te, or power, would be most closely associated with politics and politicians, but I do not think this is the case in America. We seem to be in a state of perpetual bickering and insults between individual politicians and political parties. I cannot help but notice that all of these individuals seem to be extremely insecure, regardless of how they present themselves to the media and the American people. Chun tzu practiced by the politicians of the United States would change the whole nature of political discourse. Discussion would be elevated above the sniping remarks and one-line zingers that seem to dominate the day. Instead, discourse would focus on ideas, not put-downs. Chun tzu would encourage the mature tolerance of opposing ideas while at the same time inspiring one to present an opposing view in a way that is influential but not confrontation or demeaning. Like the consummate host or hostess, politicians would find plenty to perhaps disagree with, but would refrain from being disagreeable. Another aspect of American culture that would greatly benefit from the virtue of Chun tzu is the writing that drives the interactions between people in our movies and our television shows. So much of what is available seems to focus on making other people uncomfortable as a means of getting a laugh or building drama. After watching shows that are written this way, Americans are a little less sensitive to one another. Coarse language is easier to use and the feelings of others are less important, especially if it makes someone laugh. Chun tzu allows plenty of room for the writing of great dramas and comedies. It does not indicate that there is never conflict between individuals and institutions. It does imply that if there is conflict, however, resolving the conflict is best so relations can be mended. Much of the entertainment in America seems determined to create strife and division between individuals. Especially troubling for Americans at this time is the fact that immature comme nts are not confined to entertainment through the media. Knowing how to behave as a fan at a baseball game or how to enjoy a play without annoying those around you seems to be an art that is being lost. In politics, entertainment and society, a large dose of Chun tzu is necessary so that mature individuals and actions are not looked upon as outside the norm, but are actually the norm for us all. Journal #10 The Taoist term wu wei or water is one that I think could be easily misunderstood in the West. The idea of water does not exactly lend itself to thinking about something powerful in to people in the West. We are full of ideas about water as a natural resource, as a means of transportation. In some ways, Westerners may view water in slightly pejorative terms. Water follows the path of least resistance. Not exactly a show of strength or vigor. Wu wei is a show of force for the Taoist. Not this â€Å"Hey everybody, look at me!† type of force. It is more like a silent, flowing river. There are no rapids to suggest the immense power of erosion the river is exerting on the surface of the Earth. There is no indication of sediment load or chemical interaction with the surrounding bedrock. Yet all of this is happening right before our eyes in a seemingly effortless display of force. Key to this idea of wu wei is the fact that each river finds its own course. It is true that rivers do follow the path of least resistance. Far from making them lazy, this path which the lay of the land and the power of

Laboratory 4 Report ( HMST 2530 ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Laboratory 4 Report ( HMST 2530 ) - Essay Example nvolved an assessment of the effects of practice with the dominant hand on the performance in tracing the star through a mirror view with the non-dominant hand. The results indicated that the practice group performed better than the control group. Overall, the data suggest that the means of training may impact the learning processes associated with the acquisition of fine motor skills. The study of motor control involves an empirical assessment of the neurological factors critical to the acquisition of motor skills. The development of motor skills requires the ability to execute learned movements toward a directed result. This process requires learning. Skills require accuracy and the ability to execute motor functions in a controlled fashion. The study of motor behaviour involves an attempt to ascertain the mechanism by which motor skills are produced. This area encompasses motor development, control and learning. Fine motor skills require little actual movement but require precision and control of fine muscle activities involving the manipulation of tools or objects. The experiments conducted in this laboratory practicum have explored principles of fine motor control in an experimental setting to assess critical factors associated with learning new fine motor skills. Skilled motor performance requires an organized sequence of movements associated with temporal organization. Other components of fine motor skills include accuracy and consistency of performance to produce purposeful activity. Learning may be defined as a change in behaviour that results from experience and practice; it is not an innate behavour. Learning is generally assessed by evaluating changes in performance. Performance may be defined as observable behaviour. Important measurements of learning include rate of response, error, reminiscence, and trials. The most important assessment tool of learning is retention, which involves the ability to perform after a period in which no

Neuroscience Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Neuroscience - Research Paper Example Hence more research is warranted in the field of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of depression. The article is about a study by Ming-li et al (2011) in which the researchers examined the efficacy and also the safety of sleep electroencephalogram modulated repetitive rTMS (SEM-rTMS group) for the purpose of treatment of depression. This was a randomized controlled trial in which 164 patients were divided randomly into 3 groups. The patients recruited were those with a diagnosis of depression defined clinically. Psychoactive medication was stopped 7 days prior to the trial. The 3 groups were sleep electroencephalogram modulated repetitive rTMS group, the conventional rTMS group and the sham rTMS group. Patients in each of the assigned groups were treated with the assigned treatment for 30 minutes every day for 10 days. 24-item Hamilton rating scale for depression was used for evaluation of response to treatment and clinical outcome. The results of the study show ed that in the SEM-rTMS group, 21 cases showed significant clinical improvement according to the scale when compared to 6 in the C-rTMS group and only 2 in the sham-rTMS group.

Realism in Modern Chinese Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Realism in Modern Chinese Literature - Essay Example It is apparent that Party as well as governmental intimidation donated significantly to the common exchange of this observation. It is, on the other hand, extraordinary how even oppositional writers plus literary scholars cultivated to manufacture a tale that was very comparable to the officer description within those succinct stages when it was probable to move forward a evaluation of the conventional literary reflection , modern Chinese literary theory has bend inside the key to be lifeless . By emphasizing the radicalism of their encouragement, those who anticipated this suggestion at once drew consideration to their mission and recognized a location from which they sensed they could unbolt the floodgates for the extensive emulation of a broad range of Western literary ideas. Chen Duxiu in 1917 wrote: "I do not mind being an enemy of all conservative scholars within the country .("On Literary Revolution," Sources of Chinese Tradition, ed. William Theodore DeBary, 2 vols., 1960, 2:162). From the Chinese perspective, then, the apprehension at the spirit of the proposal was that China was at the back of the world standard so manifestly positioned by the superior Western pressures. Several kinds of unexpected attempt were therefore necessary of all facades of Chinese culture plus society to grasp up to this customary standard. The Evolutionary consideration set up its fictional complement in the succession of literary provisos traditional romantic realism naturalism set out by Chen Duxiu as early on as 1915, a method that conquered the earlier l literary consideration within the early May Fourth years. Within this method, the Chinese literature was viewed as freezing wherever between classicism with impracticality, as...By emphasizing the radicalism of their encouragement, those who anticipated this suggestion at once drew consideration to their mission and recognized a location from which they sensed they could unbolt the floodgates for the extensive emulation of a broad range of Western literary ideas. Chen Duxiu in 1917 wrote: "I do not mind being an enemy of all conservative scholars within the country .("On Literary Revolution," Sources of Chinese Tradition, ed. William Theodore DeBary, 2 vols., 1960, 2:162). From the Chinese perspective, then, the apprehension at the spirit of the proposal was that China was at the back of the world standard so manifestly positioned by the superior Western pressures. Several kinds of unexpected attempt were, therefore, necessary of all facades of Chinese culture plus society to grasp up to this customary standard. The Evolutionary consideration set up its fictional complement in the succession of literary provisos traditional romantic realism naturalism set out by Chen Duxiu as early on as 1915, a method that conquered the earlier l literary consideration within the early May Fourth years. Within this method, the Chinese literature was viewed as freezing wherever between classicism with impracticality, as well as realism accordingly developed into the "reasonable" goal of the most influential segment of Chinese critical opinion from May Fourth even into the 1980s.

Participant Analysis Assignment (active listener)

Participant Analysis (active listener) - Assignment Example The listening skills class does not increase their skills in any way since they possess advanced skills in technology. These participants all have good communication skills except for one individual. He is a shy individual and finds it hard to face people and pass on information appropriately. The training sessions truly help him develop competency in providing proper customer service and it raises his confidence. The upsurge in confidence is vital to improve general communication. One of the participants does not have experience in communication because he tends to avoid contact with other customers. They, however, all possess adequate knowledge on communication since it was part of their course work in college. They all help the inexperienced communicator improve his skills by working as a team and tutoring him on how to deal with different customers. They also help raise his confidence by providing him with encouragement and support at every opportune time. All the other participants have very good communication skills except for the shy participant. The training greatly helps him improve his skills and the tests during the course further improve his communication skills. This is because the tests address vital aspects of communication, especially his listening skills. This is because to reply to what someone has said you must listen and understand. Listening is an important aspect of communication and the most important part of providing customer service. This is because they listen to the customers query and empathize with their situation. They all know that having good communication skills will, especially while dealing with customers will keep them coming back. All the participants are comfortable with listening to the customers. Only the shy participant has problems with speaking with the customer due to their low levels of confidence. However, after training and some

The Process Analysis Essay Example for Free

The Process Analysis Essay Introduction    An essay is a comprehensive form of true and fair view of representing facts in a particular style of writing [APA, Harvard, MLA, Oxford etc.,] about a subject, issue or a topic. It   defines, briefs, describes achievements, discusses facts and ideas and projects future claims of any paramount discussion or subject.  Ã‚  Ã‚   An essay is immensely useful to students, lecturers, professors, employees and to business entrepreneurs. It   provides large amount of information in snippets while saving time and enabling the process of decision making much easier. A well-written essay is easily readable, delivers accurate dialogue,   serves the purpose of writing and is in close relevance with the usage of terms and phrases. Essay: How useful it is:    Students: Essay can be used as preparatory notes for final exams and also as a gist of main points to work in detail and prepare notes. It is also used for evaluation purposes by teachers in schools. Lecturers Professors: Essays provide new information to lecturers, while evaluating, although it is a hard job to go through students essays over and over again about the same topic, to grade the essays of students.   Most of the students never give up to improve their grades and in order to upgrade their levels, efforts are hard to bring out the best in sources, ideas, and include in writing which results in   a refined work. Employees and Business Entrepreneurs : An essay provides details about a particular field. For example, if a small nursery garden is to be opened, for selling plants, a complete detailed planning is required for a beginner.   This can be discussed through essay as it serves   the purpose of even a small home business.   For an employee, essay is a media of communication for motivation, instruction or explanation for any matter that cannot be discussed over table on a personal or management level. Look more:  process essay III. Kind of Essays:   The usage of words and framing of sentences is dependent on the level or grade of student. i.e. school, college, university/Master or research.  Ã‚   Basing on the level of education, simple, medium, high-level of English language can be used. Students: Grade :8-10+2, essays are informative and in order with curriculum, easily readable and vivid in concept presentation while written in simple English. College: 12+ : Essays are written according to the expectations of lecturers. Lecturers would like to ascertain the level of understanding of students.   Therefore, the emphasis is on understanding of concept rather than providing information from various sources.   For example, if a student is asked to write about FIFA as a current sport in trend, student is expected to brief   about   the sport, its importance and what is the personal approach of the student, towards FIFA.   This will also entertain the lecturer and builds the rapport with the student. University Research: Working on essays in this particular level, require utmost hard work, care and excellent usage of English language. Students are in great benefit for their sincere efforts at a later point of time in career, therefore, any lacunae in writing essays, or researched essays will result in lowering their image. A detailed and thorough hard work is required, even if it is time consuming. As they say â€Å" paper always speaks† of what we are. Concentration is required in the following areas while writing University and Research essays: Collection of facts and preparing draft notes. Collection of views, surveys and opinions. Collection of advantages, disadvantages, remedies and future claims. Excellent usage of English language, with proper punctuation and grammar. Read, re-read, print draft, correct the draft, read and finally print. WYSIWYG : what you see is what you get. Application of four ‘W’s: [why, who, what and where A good beginning is always impressive and encourages reader to look further. Apart from writing facts, encourage and entertain the reader with new and accurate information. Attempt to prove that â€Å"pen is mightier than sword† in writing which will definitely results in achievement of good grades. Essays :Provide information for multi-projects For a venture capitalist or a novice in business, web provides a complete information for all. Gathering information, processing and framing as an essay is a perfect outlook for essay form of writing. Perfect essay works and achieves its target.   Therefore, it is important to analyze what is required in essay and its emphasis while taking up a subject for details.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Without proper and exact analysis of what information is required, many a times, essays do not serve the purpose. Concentration is required in the following areas for gathering details: Purpose of essay : whether it is for real time project/business or a student-based. What is required: A clear writing of the requirements in essay will make the job easier and fast in collecting details. A quick short break : While preparing essays, short breaks will provide fresh ideas, words and sentences. Always jot down the points and tick as and when the writing is finished. Adopt and practice professional writing and presentation. What are the components of a good Essay Use best English Simple style of writing, neat, professionally presented, using not too difficult jargon, is appropriate and considered good for essays. Avoid pessimism, criticism [different from advantages and disadvantages] and negativity in essays. Represent facts in short sentences, paragraphs and numbered sub-headings.   Usage of business terms, legal phrases or with respect to any other field are considered appropriate and suit the need for a good essay. References References are best sources to prove, the kind and quality of essay.   Quality essays always provide and present professional sources. Browsing through a well-written, informative source will assist a student to understand, assess and re-write which is an excellent job in quality writing. What is required in the content? For example, a Microwave oven does baking, cooking, defrosting, grilling and heating. It also heats on the levels. i.e. 100%, 80%, 60%. The user has to press the indicator for a particular task.   Similarly, each particular subject/topic/issue, has varied forms. What is required in the content has to be absolutely clear and concise. Conclusion Before beginning of writing an essay, question should be well read, understood, and analyzed as to what is expected in an essay as answer. Further work on jotting down points according to the number of pages, whether more details can be written or to be in brief. A single source cannot provide the entire information, if more number of facts or details are to be worked out, it is required to visit more number of sources, collect points and frame notes. Dos Walk an extra-mile for research on a topic. Allocate specific hours to think and write on a particular issue. Provide accurate, consistent and tidy work. Re-assess the final job before submission. Don’ts Avoid rush-up work as per the proverb â€Å"haste makes waste†. Never get disheartened if grading is not up to the expectations, but try to work hard to bring the essay to the standards. Reference: How to write an essay: http://www.How to write an essay.htm

Political Science Essay Example for Free

Political Science Essay Chapter 1 1. Authority: the recognized right of officials to exercise power 2. Constitutionalism: the idea that there are lawful restrictions on government’s power 3. Corporate power: operates in part through the influence that firms have with policy makers 4. Democracy: a form of government in which the people govern, either directly or through an elected representative. 5. Elitism: the power well exercised by well positioned and high influential individuals 6. Free market system: operates mainly on private transactions. Firms are largely free to make their own production, distribution and pricing decisions 7. Judicial action: the use of courts as means of asserting rights and interests. 8. Majoritarianism: the situation in which the majority effectively determines what the government does 9. Pluralism: holds that, most issues, the preference of the special interest largely determines what government does 10. Political Science: the systematic study of government and politics 11. Political thinking: careful gathering and sifting of information in the process of forming a knowledgeable view about a political issue 12. Politics: the means by which society settles in conflicts and allocates the resulting the benefits and costs 13. Power: refers to the ability of persons, groups or institutions to influence political developments 14. Public policies: decisions of government to pursue particular courses of action Chapter 2 1. Anti-Federalists: raised arguments that national government would ne too powerful and would threaten self government in the separate states and the liberty of people 2. Bill of Rights: includes those as freedom of speech, religion, due process protections. 3. Checks and Balances: no institution can act decisively without the support or acquiescence of the other institution. 4. Constitution: a fundamental law that defines how government will legitimately operate; the method for choosing its leaders, the institutions through which these leaders will work, the procedures they must follow in making policy and the powers they can lawfully exercise; highest law of the land 5. Constitutional democratic republic: the type of government created in the United States in 1787. a. Constitutional: in its requirement to gain power through elections be exercised in accordance with law and with due respect for individual rights b. Democratic: in its provisions for majority influence through elections c. Republic: in its mix of deliberative institutions, each of which moderates the power of others 6. Delegates: officeholders who are obligated to carry out the expressed opinions of the people they represent 7. Limited government: one that is subject to strict legal limits on the uses of power, so that it would not threaten the people’s liberty 8. Self Government: one in which the people would be the ultimate source of governing authority and would have a voice in their governing 9. Inalienable rights or Natural rights: life, liberty and property, which are threaten by individuals 10. The Virginia Plan:/Large State Plan: included separate judicial and executive branches as well as two chamber congress that would have supreme authority in all areas 11. The New Jersey Plan / Small State Plan: call for a stronger national government than that provided by the articles of confederation 12. The Great Compromise: the agreement of the constitutional convention to create a two chamber congress with the House appointed by population and the Senate apportioned equally by the state 13. 3/5 Compromise: each slave was to count as less than a person. 14. Federalists: Constitution supporters 15. Liberty: the principle that individuals should be free to act, and think as they choose, provided they do not infringe on the well being of others 16. Grants of Power: framers chose to limit the national government in part by confirming its scope of authority to those powers expressively granted in the Constitution. 17. Denials of Power: a means to limit government to prohibit certain practices that European rulers had routinely used to oppressed political opponents 18. Separation of Powers: division of the powers of government among separate institutions or branches 19. Separated institution sharing power: 20. Checks and Balances: No institution can act decisively without the support or acquiescence of the other institutions 21. Judicial Review: the power of the judiciary to decide whether a government official or institution that has acted within its limits of the Constitution 22. Tyranny Sovergnty: a government cannot be sovereign if it can be overruled by another government 23. Federalism: a governmental system in which authority is divided between two sovereign levels of government, national and regional. 24. Unitary system: sovereignty is vested solely in the national government. 25. Confederacy: the type of government that existed under the Articles of confederation 26.

Theories of Personality | Essay

Theories of Personality | Essay Psychologists have long been interested in the study of personality because it is useful for understanding and predicting human behaviour. Even laypersons in day to day life, on an intuitive basis, make personality judgements about individuals they meet based on social characteristics, intellectual quality and appearance. Moreover, one seeks to understand oneself by identifying and developing personality. Personality determines the way in which individuals think and behave, it affects the way one would conduct oneself in day to day actions. Individuals possess unique patterns of behaviour varying from the way one walks, talks, or eats to the way one spends free time. The vast array of forms that personality takes accounts for why individuals are different from one another. The reason why it is important to understand such individual differences of personality is because job performance, academic performance, political and social attitudes, social relationships and health are all affe cted by one’s personality. Personality psychology seeks to bring scientific rigor to the process of understanding different personalities. Apparent qualities and behaviours may differ from the real inner personality of an individual. Consequently defining and understanding personality is a difficult task. A significant amount of definitions of personality have been introduced by various psychologists. Among such definitions was a comprehensive definition put forward by Burger. Burger (2011) defined personality as consistent behaviour patterns and intrapersonal processes that originate from within the individual. Due to the complexity of understanding and identifying human personality, various theories of personality have been introduced over the years by various psychologists. Sigmund Freud, devised what is today a popular theory, known as the structural theory of personality (Freud 1923 cited in McLeod 2013). The theory was devised based on the psychodynamic perspective which emphasises the influence that forces and drives within the unconscious mind have on human behaviour. Freud portrayed the human mind as an iceberg (Freud 1900, 1905 cited in McLeod 2013). The tip of the iceberg, which is the small section visible above the surface, symbolises the conscious mind. Just beneath the conscious mind is the preconscious mind which is outside one’s awareness but is easily accessible. The bottom of the iceberg which takes up the majority of its volume is the unconscious mind. The structural theory of personality assembles personality into 3 systems; the id, ego and superego. The balance of these 3 structures results in one’s personality. The id, which is in the unconscious mind, is the instinctive and primitive component of personality. Life instincts (Eros) and death instincts (Thanatos) are the basic instincts that are constituent of the id (Freud 1920, 1925 cited in McLeod 2013). The id operate on the pleasure principle in which basic instincts, specifically the desire for food and sex, require immediate gratification, regardless of any consequences (Freud 1920 cited in McLeod 2008). The id, similar to the way of an infant crying in order to get what it wants, has no regard for social norms. In order to mediate between the external world and the selfish desires of id, the ego develops. The ego, abiding in the conscious mind, is the component of personality that makes decisions and finds realistic and reasonable ways to satisfy the desires of id. The ego’s essentiality is to make compromises and exercise social etiquette in order to avoid disapproval or consequences of society. There is a third influential a nd largely unconscious set of forces which dictates one’s beliefs and morals, called the superego. One’s beliefs of what is right and wrong is acquired through childhood experiences and nurturing. When one behaves in a way that one believes is morally incorrect, the superego causes one to feel guilty. Superego’s goal unlike the id and ego is moral perfection. According to the manner in which the id, ego and superego interact, Freud suggested that there are 3 personalities; the psychotic personality, neurotic personality and healthy personality. A healthy psyche is one of which the ego’s role is dominant over superego and id. When the conflict between superego and id become overwhelming the unconscious processes of ego use defence mechanisms (repression being one of the most common defence mechanisms) in order to protect the self from anxiety. The psychotic psyche is one in which id is dominant and causes the individual to act in an impulsive and asocial m anner. The neurotic psyche is one in which superego is governing and causes the individual to be a perfectionist, unreasonably guilty and neurotic if any moral code is broken to obtain pleasure. The structural theory of personality is a highly comprehensive theory. The theoretical system explicitly explains and interprets an exceptional range of human behaviour and experiences, which is essential in understanding the different types of personalities. Contemporary psychology engages certain concepts of the psychodynamic theory and heuristic value of the theory has been appreciated (Shaver and Mikulincer 2005). Freud’s controversial ideas – that unconscious forces exist and influence behaviour, that early experiences play a large role in development of personality, that individuals resist threats by using defence mechanisms and that conflicting feelings often result in compromise – are accepted now by many psychologists and research conducted has given evidence to the validity of Freud’s views (Westen 1998; Baumeister, Dale and Sommer 1998). While other perspectives, particularly social and cognitive perspectives, emphasise typically on proximal cau ses, the psychodynamic perspective emphasise on distal causes of behavioural processes as well. The use of case studies as a research method to study personality esteems the complexity of personality and resulting behaviour by investigating in depth as opposed to a brief, snapshot laboratory study. However critics assert that there are several problems with the case study method that Freud used in constructing the structural theory of personality. Patients’ observations were not recorded immediately upon hearing them, therefore Freud’s memory of such detailed and extensive accounts of participants may have been distorted, and/or later recorded in a biased manner (Sulloway 1991). Furthermore the subjects of Freud’s case studies, on most occasions, were wealthy European individuals making the meagre sample unrepresentative and too illusive to draw universal conclusions about human behaviour. Consequently, the precision of the structural theory of personality is impaired. The testability of the structural theory is a major problem because propositions and concepts are ambiguous. The ambiguity results in difficulty in deriving a clear hypothesis that can be put to test and proven. Much of the theory is presented in metaphors – life and death instincts, and the mind depicted as an iceberg – which complicates any attempt to scientifically test and prove the theory. In addition, the structural theory of personality helps in explaining behaviour after observation but does not contribute substantially to predicting behaviour, which essentially, is a main purpose of studying personality in the first place. The theory can further be criticised because it is deterministic. It gives a degrading and pessimistic view of human nature because one is thought to be irrational and controlled by sex and aggressive tendencies. While numerous assumptions come into play, the explanation is still restricted to biological forces, and ignores other influences on personal development that may include altruism, competence, exploration and freewill. The scientific validity of Freud’s theory has been challenged by Eysenck. After a review of clinical literature, Eysenck found that out of 7,000 case histories of neurotic patients, 66% of patients treated by means of psychoanalysis improved, however 72% of patients who were not treated by means of any therapy improved within 2 years after the onset of their illness (Eysenck 1952). These findings oppose the validity of the concepts of the psychoanalytical approach and the structural theory of personality. A contemporary theory of personality proposed by Mischel and Shoda takes into account the cognitive and affective processes that have an influence on behaviour and gives more focus to situationism. Situationism is the assumption that individuals’ behaviour is directed by the situation the individual is in rather than dispositional traits. The cognitive-affective system theory of personality was proposed to resolve the contradictory findings on the consistency of personality and the inconsistency of behaviour across situations (Mischel and Shoda 1995). According to the cognitive-affective systems theory, there are 2 important concepts that must be combined. The first is that in order to understand an individual, the individual’s thoughts must be understood. Therefore the individual’s representation of the world is a significant factor to consider. The second is that thought proceeds concurrently on multiple tracks which intersect occasionally. The theory conceptua lises personality as ‘a stable system that mediates how the individual selects, construes, and processes social information and generates social behaviours’ (Mischel and Shoda 1995). Essentially, the interaction between cognition and personality affects behaviour in different situations. The reason why there are inconsistencies in behaviour is not due to the situation alone or random error; it stems from patterns of variation within the individual which are called behavioural signatures of personality (Mischel and Shoda 1995). Stable variations of behaviour take place in the form of contingencies: if X, then A but if Y then B. Behaviour occurs as a result of personal dispositions and cognitive and affective qualities (particularly thinking, planning, evaluating and feeling) interacting with the situation. Cognitive-affective units are represented by 5 stable person variables (Mischel and Shoda 1995). The first is encoding strategies, or individuals’ unique way of categorising information from stimuli. The second is competencies and self-regulatory strategies, particularly intelligence, the individual’s goals and self-produced consequences. Third is one’s expectancies and beliefs, or one’s predictions of the outcome of each of the behavioural possibilities in the situation. Fourth is one’s goals and values and finally, affective responses including feelings, emotions and affects caused by physiological reactions. The cognitive-affective personality systems theory is a comprehensive theory that accounts for both situational and dispositional attributes, bringing a balance between the two attributes. Freud’s psychoanalytical theory overlooks situations and attributes individuals’ personality and behavioural traits largely to dispositions. Thus the cognitive-affective personality systems theory can be better applied to a variety of different situations. It offers a stable personality system while maintaining that there may be patterns of variations in behaviour, without resulting in controversy. Unlike Freud’s theory, the cognitive affective personality systems theory gives highlight to conscious rather than unconscious drives. Individuals are regarded as being able to set their own goals, plan and evaluate their actions, and even to think about thinking. Therefore Mischel’s theory is less deterministic and considers freewill. The cognitive-affective systems theory has a more positive outlook on humankind, perceiving individuals as unified, affective, purposive and social beings, as opposed to the negative outlook of the structural theory of personality. Both the structural theory and the cognitive-affective systems theory of personality are idiographic and appreciate the uniqueness of individuals. The theories do not seek to establish generalizations of personality types. The cognitive-affective systems theory suggests that every individual has his/her own unique behaviour signature and unique pattern of variation (Mischel and Shoda 1995). Freud used case stud ies because each client had unique experiences and unique configurations of defence mechanisms. However when concentrating on the psychic energies, id, ego and superego, that are allegedly common to all individuals the structural theory of personality may arguably be nomothetic to a certain extent. In addition, the cognitive-affective systems theory must be commended for being idiographic because it also maintains its scientific nature. The cognitive-affective systems theory, unlike the structural theory, is scientific and pragmatic. Its propositions are unambiguous and testable hypotheses can be derived. The theory is based on the findings of experiments, including an experiment that was conducted in 1965 to investigate the effect situational and generalised expectancies for success have on on choices of immediate, less valuable non-contingent rewards as opposed to delayed, more valuable contingent rewards (Mischel and Staub 1965). In addition another study was conducted to test whether individuals are able to voluntarily delay gratification in await for a preferred reward (Mischel and Ebbesen 1970). Both studies reveal how individuals examine the situation and and make a cognitive decision about the reward they decide to settle for, thereby giving sound evidence for the cognitive-affective personality theory. Furthermore, a study revealed that 4 year old children who were able to delay gratification were significa ntly different from their peers as adolescents; they were more intelligent, exhibited more self-control, less distractible and more resistant to temptation than the adolescents who were less able to delay gratification as 4 year olds (Shoda, Mischel and Peake 1990). The finding from that study shows a similarity between psychoanalytic and cognitive-affective concepts of personality. Both perspectives suggest that personality characteristics emerge from childhood and is considerably consistent over time. However a limitation of the cognitive-affective personality system is that it emphasises mainly on the effect of nurture while overlooking the effect that nature might have on human behaviour. The theory overlooks biological and unconscious influences that may affect personality. Contrastingly, the structural theory of personality takes into account that both the effect of nurture and nature influence personality and its development. A further problem with the cognitive-affective personality theory is that defining a situation is difficult therefore the number of interactions that come into play when determining behaviour are too complex to study clearly. Moreover, it is difficult to take the complexity of the relationship between the situation, personality and behaviour into account when in extreme positions. The field of personality psychology has witnessed many theories being brought into the spotlight with each theory contributing more or less to understanding human behaviour. The contribution that Freud and Mischel have provided are indeed valuable. Freud made the first attempt to explain human personality and is considered a legacy for his work. Psychologists that followed in attempt to explain personality either improved upon Freud’s ideas or opposed it and provided alternate theories. However, due to the lack of empiricism of the psychoanalytic approach, Mischel’s cognitive-affective personality systems theory surpasses the structural theory of personality and can be better applied to predicting and explaining human behaviour. The theory does not oversimplify the complex processes behind personality; it takes a holistic view and considers that one behaves according to the situation one is in and that the course of action that one takes is not taken passively but activ ely. The cognitive-affective theory has minimal loopholes and is one of the most useful theories that has been developed to understand the multifaceted human personality. List of References Baumeister, R. F., Dale, K. and Sommer, K. L. (1998) ‘Freudian Defense Mechanisms and Empirical Findings in Modern Social Psychology: Reaction Formation, Projection, Displacement, Undoing, Isolation, Sublimation, and Denial’. Journal of Personality 66 (6), 1081-1124 Burger, J. M. (2011) Personality. 8th edn. USA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Eysenck, H. J. (1952) ‘The Effects of Psychotherapy: An Evaluation’. Journal of Consulting Psychology 16 (5), 319-324 McLeod, S. (2008) Id, Ego and Superego [online] available from www.simplypsychology.org/psyche.html> [18 June 2015] McLeod, S. (2013) Sigmund Freud [online] available from www.simplypsychology.org/Sigmund-Freud.html> [18 June 2015] Mischel, W. and Ebbesen, E. B. (1970) ‘Attention in Delay of Gratification’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16 (2), 329-337 Mischel, W. and Shoda, Y. (1995) ‘A Cognitive-Affective System Theory of Personality: Reconceptualizing Situations, Dispositions, Dynamics, and Invariance in Personality Structure’ Psychological Review 102 (2), 246-268 Mischel, W. and Staub, E. (1965) ‘Effects of Expectancy on Working and Waiting for Larger Reward’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2 (5), 625-633 Shaver, R. P. and Mikulincer, M. (2005) ‘Attachment Theory and Research: Resurrection of the Psychodynamic Approach to Personality’. Journal of Research in Personality 39 (1), 22-45 Shoda, Y, Mischel, W., and Peake, P. K. (1990) ‘Predicting Adolescent Cognitive and Self-Regulatory Competencies from Preschool delay of Gratification: Identifying Diagnostic Conditions’. Developmental Psychology 26 (6), 978-986 Sulloway, F. J. (1991) ‘Reassessing Freud’s Case Histories: The Social Construction of Psychoanalysis’. Isis 82 (2), 245-275 Westen, D. (1998) ‘The Scientific Legacy of Sigmund Freud: Toward a Psychodynamically Informed Psychological Science’. Psychological Bulletin 124 (3), 333-371

AIDS and the Catholic Church :: HIV Religion Christianity Essays

AIDS and the Catholic Church As the AIDS epidemic in the United States advanced into the 1990s, it became clear that AIDS had a new target population. AIDS was no longer strictly a gay disease but was leaking into the general heterosexual population as well. Moreover, as the decade progressed, new cases of HIV infection were being increasingly identified in poor, minority communities. While the focus of the AIDS epidemic shifted from the high-profile male homosexual population to poor, minority communities, political activism and financial support for the fight against AIDS also began to decline. With the new limitations set by decreased public support and decreased financial resources, policy-makers, humanitarian organizations, and AIDS activists began to analyze how best to extend AIDS-related resources to these new target populations. The US Hispanic community is one such population for which new methods of AIDS programming is being sought. Hispanics comprise a rapidly growing portion of the US minority population but are still over-represented among new cases of HIV infection. According to the CDC, "In 2000, Hispanics represented 13% of the US population (including residents of Puerto Rico), but accounted for 19% of the total number of new US AIDS cases reported that year (8,173 of 42,156 cases)" (CDC 1). In contrast to the gay male communities of San Francisco and New York in the 1980s, Hispanics are lacking the financial resources to combat the spread of AIDS in their communities. As a matter of fact, the Hispanic poverty rate of 20% given by the US Census Bureau is about three times that of caucasians. Thus, it is likely that support for combating the spread of AIDS within the Hispanic population must come from an outside third party. Few institutions are in as ideal a position as the Catholic Church to address the AIDS epidemic in the US Hispanic community. A statistic from The Catholic Almanac says that 80% of US Hispanics are catholic, and hence the Catholic Church has a very influential presence in the Hispanic community. As a community-based institution with international backing, a catholic community church can draw on the resources of its arch-diocese to address community-specific issues. Therefore, an AIDS campaign disseminated through the catholic church would not necessarily rely on the financial support of those communities it benefits most -- namely poor, Hispanic communities. Such a campaign, the National Catholic AIDS Network, was established in 1989 as a resource for all catholic communities dealing with the struggle against AIDS.

The Powerful Message of Jubilate Agno :: Jubilate Agno Essays

The Powerful Message of Jubilate Agno        Ã‚  Ã‚   Jubilate Agno is Christopher Smart's poem which illustrates at first glance a testament to his religious obsession and his deteriorated mental state. The other side of this poem shows a man trying to keep his sanity in an insane place. William Stead sees the work as "a spiritual diary of his thoughts, memories, and prayers, during the darkest years of his life" (Stead 17). Jubilate Agno focuses on God with daily occurrences weaving their way into the poem. Smart's work "reflects what was . . . his life work: the praise of God through poetry" (Anderson 54). Smart writes about what he knows from the Bible to animals to the alphabet; most contain God themes [?]. In his tribute to his cat, Jeoffry, Smart shows the cat's particular connection to God, and how Jeoffry is the ideal servant of God. Is an insane Smart writing about an imaginary cat's servitude to God? Or is the intellectual Smart merely paralleling human life to cat life to show how each of us can ser ve God?    Jeoffry became more than a pet to Smart in the years of his confinement. Dr. Sherbo contends that "he had a cat, a real one, not the product of his distressed imagination" (qtd. in Dearnley 155). Smart, being particularly religious, felt that his companion was a good illustration of serving God in his ways. Jeoffry is aware of God, "For he knows that God is his Saviour" (134) just as we should. Smart refers to Jeoffry working for God, "for when his day's work is done his business more properly begins. / For he keeps the Lord's watch in the night against the adversary" (Smart 133). Jeoffry strives to serve God so much that after each full day of activities he can still be a servant to God. With the detailed descriptions of Jeoffry's daily routines, Smart sees the holy connection in them. "For at the first glance of the glory of God in the East he worships in his way. / For this is done by wreathing his body seven times round with elegant quickness" (131). A morning stretch for a feline symbolizes a morning prayer for a person.

Ireland and Irish Nationalism in the Poetry of William Butler Yeats Ess

Ireland and Irish Nationalism in the Poetry of William Butler Yeats William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet, a dramatist, and a prose writer - one of the greatest English-language poets of the twentieth century. (Yeats 1) His early poetry and drama acquired ideas from Irish fable and arcane study. (Eiermann 1) Yeats used the themes of nationalism, freedom from oppression, social division, and unity when writing about his country. Yeats, an Irish nationalist, used the three poems, â€Å"To Ireland in the Coming Times,† â€Å"September 1913† and â€Å"Easter 1916† which revealed an expression of his feelings about the War of Irish Independence through theme, mood and figurative language. The theme of nationalism dominates in â€Å"To Ireland in the Coming times† and in â€Å"Easter 1916.† In the former poem, Yeats suggested the idea of Irish brotherhood to achieve justice for Ireland, â€Å"True brother of a company, that sang, to sweeten Ireland’s wrong† (Finneran 50). Although he wanted to fight for Ireland’s freedom, he did not participate in any military activities. Instead, he used songs and poems to reflect the situation in Ireland: I cast my heart into my rhymes, That you, in the dim coming times, May know how my heart went with them (Finneran 51) In the latter poem, he mentioned the names of the national heroes such as MacDonagh who died for the rebellion (Abrams 2308) and said, â€Å"Now and in time to be, / Whenever green is worn,† (Finneran 182). Green, being the colour of the soldiers’ uniforms and also the national colour of Ireland, alluded that the war was still going on in Ireland. The theme of freedom from oppression was introduced in â€Å"September 1913.† Although Yeats loved his country, he often criticized it. He left Ireland after he publish... ...d support the themes and moods that he used in different poems and he persuaded his readers to believe what he said was true. When comparing these three different elements in the poems, mood is the most effective technique since nationalism is based on the emotions one feels for one’s country. The mood is what links the themes and figurative language that attract readers’ attention. Bibliography: Works Cited List Abrams, M. H. et al. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 5th ed. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1986. Eiermann, Katharena. â€Å"Katharena’s ‘The Magic of Yeats’.† Yeats: Life and Times http://members.aol.com/KatharenaE/private/Pweek/Yeats/YLife.html (17 Feb. 2001). Finneran, Richard J. The Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats. 2nd ed. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc., 1996. â€Å"Yeats, William Butler†. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1996 ed.

Educational Reform Essay

The educational institutes today are more focused on academics & pay less attention to the physical attributes of the students. Physical educators along with academic teachers play an important part in promoting good health through regular physical activities. The number of obese children is increasing around the world. Research depicts that one in every ten; six years old child in England is obese. It is estimated that by the year 2020, 50% of the children would be obese. (BBC. co, 2004,) Lack of physical activity is said to be a cause for lowers academic achievements as well as overweight & obese individuals. The reason being, when the fundamental dietary & fitness needs are not met, the students show a decline in academics by giving a poor performance. A study in New York asserted that students’ intelligence & academic performance was affected by the slightest of malnutrition signs. Schools play a major role in developing the young minds & grooming them for a bright future, it must be kept in mind that physical education too is an imperative aspect of an individual’s life. Along with the P. E. courses the students should be advised about a proper diet intake. Children with poor nutritional habits, especially in the early years usually score low in vocabulary, reading & calculation. (Athletics Campus Life, 2007) It is calculated that 40% of American population is inactive & only 20% are slightly active. Mostly 50% of individuals drop out of exercise programs without even completing six months. The fact is that habits are developed at an early age. If the students are not facilitated with physical exercise courses at school, they will never form healthy workout habits. The schools these days are struggling to increase the student success rates, the children are over burdened with homework & extra classes, leaving no time for extracurricular activities. The Buffalo City School District in New York has decided to incorporate a physical education department starting from the very initial stage; the aim is to achieve better student grades, attendance & improved health. The students’ nutrition, active lifestyle & accomplishments are all interrelated. If the child is happy & healthy, he will perform well in every step he takes. Reducing 240 minutes per week in class time in favor of physical activity resulted in higher math scores. (Action for Healthy Kids, 2004) Students with the highest fitness scores scored the highest in their SAT exam. Being physically active also fortifies the student’s cognitive learning abilities & lowers anxiety & depression levels. It is derived from extensive research that the intake of oxygen during exercise benefits the neurons & increases the mind power. Overweight children are susceptible to develop physical ailments like blood pressure & diabetes in later life, not to mention the psychological effects by being teased in school causing a reclusive feeling, low self esteem & presently depression. The Cambridge Public Schools, in Massachusetts, discovered that almost 14% of children from the age group 9-13 were overweight due to sedentary routines. These students were being targeted for jokes & bullying. In order to facilitate the energy of hyperactive & sedentary students, at the same time improving their physical & social wellbeing; increased the activity programs at school targeting every student’s individual needs. This act may produce desirable results in the meantime confronting issues like obesity & bullying. But focus should be kept on the physical wellbeing of students; therefore it’s a better option to minimize competing activities. Sports & recreational competitions are a good way to realize one’s potential but may induce negative feelings in the losing opponent. Every school attempts to reach the highest target of excellence; this goals should set concern for the physical & mental growth of the students thus, expanding time for the physical & extracurricular activities for the children to indulge in. summer & winter breaks can also be utilized for such programs. Participating in such activities help the children to discover their strengths & uniqueness creating a feeling of achievement. They realize their interests & then design their future goals accordingly. A number of funds are use for the betterment of academic departments in schools. Some steps should be taken for designing the physical education department in order to achieve a positive impact on the confidence, self esteem & motivation of all the students. Each student should be dealt separately, so as to meet individual demands & improve their over all personality. A policy taken up by the Michigan State Board of Education Policy in September 2003 on Quality Physical Education confirms that well planned physical activities play a pivotal role in the student learning capabilities. They learn to incorporate their skills & abilities to the fullest in every field. They started a 150 minutes/week program for the elementary students & 225 minutes/week. (Michigan State- Resource Guide) Some of the ideas that can be incorporated for the betterment of students overall capabilities are:†¢ All students should be entitled to join the physical activity groups. Each age group should be handled separately so they can enhance their confidence, identify their personal. The physical education curriculum should be based on a rationally researched content. The proper equipment & tools should be provided by the school & a professional trainer should be hired to train the students. The individual strengths & abilities of students should be catered. Tests should be conducted to find out their endurance levels & body strengths & then target the problem areas for achieving a healthy & active student body. †¢ Athletics are very effective in the over all growth of children.  Basic levels of athletics should be coached to every student & advance courses available to those who are interested. †¢ The P. E. group can hold study groups & workshops to help the students with their weakness & provide them with proper nutritional guides. Several activities can be introduces involving interaction with friends & families of the students. For example few schools arrange sport days, running tracks & family fitness nights. After school activities can play a major role in inducing physical fitness in the students. The points to keep in mind are that †¢ the activities are convenient for the students †¢ the program contains enough intensity to make it challenging †¢ Variety of programs should be introduced so that the children are keen to partake in them. †¢ The weather conditions should be kept in mind & indoor gyms & recreational rooms should be set up in case of a rainy day. †¢ The parents & teachers should be encouraged to get involved with the students so they can help the children to live up to the best of their abilities.

Folk Art

Authors wanted to how their pride in their culture by strengthening their identity as a black insist dead of imitating the way whites wrote. The Creation states,† God thought and thought, till he t Hough: I'll make me a man! † This is an example Of an author using dialect to show their pride f or their culture. Homesick Blues states, â€Å"Homesick blues, Laid, ‘S a terrible thing to have. † HTH s quote also shows pride in his culture because of the fact that he is writing about being h mommies using dialect. Black Authors would often criticize those who mimicked white literature.The eye believed they could show pride by continuing to speak and write in African American dialect in order to celebrate the lives of African Americans. While some authors though writing n their own dialect was not traditional, African Americans began writing folk art. This raise d awareness of the culture and enabled authors to write their story as slaves in their own dial etc. Lon gs Hughes once said,† no great poet has ever been afraid Of being hi myself. † He shares that opinion with other authors who illustrate folk art.These writers the ought the best ay to show racial pride was to create folk art. Homesick Blues states,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Look in' for a box car to roll me to De South†. This excerpt shows the author's love for him home in t he south just like any average man would. Pop' Boy Blues states, † when was home De Sunshine seemed like gold. Since came up North De whole damn world's turned cold. † This is another ere example of an average everyday man missing his homeland and being treated differently in an unfamiliar place. The Great Migration was the moving of African Americans from the South to the North.They opted moving would leave racial discrimination in the south and hoped to fin d new opportunities up North. Harlem population Of African Americans rose from 1 O percent in 191 0, to 98 percent in 1950. This heighten ed the number of black owned buss nesses making Harlem a symbol of African American self sufficiency. Thus creating a time of great racial pride for African Americans. Their pride in the culture then became a major t home in their art and poetry. From then on in order to end racial discrimination, black artists b Egan creating high and folk art.

Hitchens’s Concepts of Religion and Politics Essay

One of the most controversial man, Christopher Hitchens, in his letters, â€Å"Letters to a Young Contrarian† (2001), implies that people of the contemporary society should avoid thinking other than for themselves by taking on the pathway of being a contrarian. His purpose is to help â€Å"individuals on how they think, and not what they think by making them a more independent and questioning person† (63). The letters take us through a pathway of what is means to be a contrarian. He uses great personal and current examples to explain why individuals should have a voice for their own. Two of the most important topics in which he heavily discusses about are religion and racism. Throughout Hitchens letters, he uses pathos and logos appeals to create arguments in which defy religion and racism in an effective manner. One of the most debatable topics in Hitchens’s letters is about religion.Hitchens argues his point on why he is against religion using an ethos approach. He gains credibility with the audience by mentioning, â€Å"I can speak with more experience of the Christian propaganda, since I was baptized ass an Anglican, educated at a Methodist boarding school with compulsory religious instruction and was once received into the Greek Orthodox Church for reasons that are irrelevant here.† (59) While I do agree that he has gained some credibility being that he once experienced a life of what it’s like to be a believer of God, I don’t think it makes his argument any stronger. In this way, Hitchens argue his beliefs and appealing to the audience’s emotions. â€Å"In some ways I feel sorry for racists and for religious fanatics, because they miss the point of being human, and deserve a sort of pity. But then I harden my heart, and decide to hate them all the more, because of the misery they inflict and because of the contemptible excuse they advance for doing so. It especially annoys me when racists are accused of discrimination. The ability to discriminate is a precious faculty; by judging all members of one ‘race’ to be the same, the racist precisely shows himself incapable of discrimination.† (110)

Buck’s Dilemma Essay

Solution 1 — Classification with the Statement of Cash Flows Buck should present the borrowing and payment activity as a cash flow from financing activities. ASC 230-10-45-14 states that â€Å"proceeds from issuing bonds, mortgages, notes, and from other short- or long-term borrowing† are a cash inflow from financing activities. Similarly, ASC 23010-45-15 states that â€Å"repayments of amounts borrowed† are a cash outflow for financing activities. Solution 2 — Gross versus net presentation Scenario 1 Net presentation is appropriate. Buck may classify the activity as a $50 million net cash inflow ($100 million in total draws less the $50 million repayment) within the financing activities section of the statement of cash flows. Buck’s activities in Scenario 1 are broadly consistent with the requirements for net presentation under ASC 230-10-45-8 and 45-9. Specifically, the draws and payments on the facility can be considered large in relation to the maximum borrowing capacity (Buck actually reached its maximum borrowing capacity before making any repayments). The volume of the transactions is assumed to be large (note, in practice, this determination typically involves judgment and is dependent upon individual facts and circumstances). In addition, the terms of both draws stipulate that all amounts are due on demand; therefore, Buck should consider the draws as having original maturities of three months or less. ASC 230-10-45-9 only permits net presentation when borrowings have original maturities of three months or less. Scenario 2 The activity related to Buck’s first draw and subsequent repayment should be presented on a gross basis within the financing activities section as a $60 million inflow for the draw on July 15, 2010, and a $60 million outflow for the repayment on December 15, 2010. The activity related to Buck’s second  draw and subsequent repayment may be presented on a net basis within the financing activities section. The $40 million draw on September 30, 2010, and the repayment on December 1, 2010, net to zero for annual reporting purposes. Buck’s activities related to both of the draws in Scenario 2 once again reflect some of the characteristics within the cash flow statement guidance. The transactions can be considered large in relation to the maximum borrowing capacity, and the volume of activity is assumed to be large (note, in practice, these determinations typically involve judgment and are dependent upon individual facts and circumstances). Unlike Scenario 1, the terms of the draws do not consider the draws to be due on demand to Buck’s bank. Rather, the first draw has an original maturity of six months, and the second draw has an original maturity of three months or less. Therefore, in accordance with ASC 230-10-45-9, Buck must present the activity related to the first draw on a gross basis because the original maturity is greater than three months. In turn, net presentation is appropriate for the second draw since it has an original maturity of three months or less. Scenario 3 Buck should present all borrowing and payment activity under the Facility on a gross basis within the financing activities section of the statement of cash flows. The draws on the Facility do not have any specific repayment provisions other than the overall expiration date of the Facility as of December 31, 2012. While the activity does have some of the factors needed to consider net presentation, including large dollar amounts in relation to the maximum borrowing capacity and large volumes of transactions (see notes in Scenarios 1 and 2 above), the draws do not have an original maturities of three months or less. Under the provisions of Scenario 3, the only activities that Buck could potentially present net within its statement of cash flows are transactions occurring on or after October 1, 2012. Said differently, only draws occurring within three months of the Facility’s expiration would be considered to have original maturities of three months or less. Solution 3 — IFRSs Under IFRSs, IAS 7 is the primary source of guidance for determining how to present information about the cash flows of an entity within the financial statements. IFRSs and U.S. GAAP are broadly consistent regarding net versus gross presentation. Similar to U.S. GAAP, IFRSs generally require entities to present information about an entity’s amounts of cash receipts and cash payments during a period on a gross basis. However, in certain circumstances, IFRSs permit certain cash flow activities to be presented on a net basis. Paragraph 22(b) of IAS 7 states that cash flows may be reported on a net basis when â€Å"cash receipts and payments for items in which the turnover is quick, the amounts are large, and the maturities are short.† This guidance is generally consistent with the provisions of ASC 230-1045-8. Further, paragraph 23A of IAS 7 provides the following examples of cash receipts and payments that may be presented net under the criteria set forth in paragraph 22( b): a. principal amounts relating to credit card customers; b. the purchase and sale of investments; and c. other short-term borrowings, for example, those which have a maturity period of three months or less. Accordingly, under IFRSs, an entity’s cash inflows and outflows associated with a revolving line of credit may potentially be presented on a net basis within the financing activities section of the statement of cash flows, provided the aforementioned criteria are met. Therefore, the conclusions under IFRSs for each scenario in this case would be consistent with that reached under U.S. GAAP.

A View on Japanese Customs As Depicted In Films and Figurines

A View on Japanese Customs As Depicted In Films and Figurines Gojira, Hello Kitty, and other forms of Japanese culture have been integrated through popular culture in such things as movies and toys. The aspects that can make these mediums fun and interesting can make them popular which gives a lot of credit to the culture that it is behind. These two forms although representing popular culture, are still able to draw towards representations of everyday life, and Japanese culture. Christine R Yano explains how the consumerism of Hello Kitty has shaped Hello Kitty, and it has become an obsession of a sort. â€Å"Hello Kitty expresses herself through disarming, benign mouthlessness, while Godzilla is dark, and oversized (Yano,153).† The characteristics which Gojira, and Hello Kitty have are important because Hello Kitty’s characteristics of being cute appeal to many people’s senses, and can be the reason why Hello Kitty Goods earned a hundred million from products and an additional four hundred million in licensing fees. Maybe it has to do with the fact that Hello Kitty is described as being â€Å"Irresistable† (Yano, 154). Japan threw elements like these has been able to show other areas of the world their culture, which has prompted integration, but their culture can still be closely derived from the elements represented in these movies, as well as a representation. From looking at elements of media, such as Hello Kitty, and Gojira we are able to see Japanese culture embedded. Though Hello Kitty may be looked at by most people as just simply Japanese cute, it has aspects that help define culture as well. The kitty is small, does not have a mouth, and seems to be staring into a distance. This can be tied into the fact that females in the Japanese culture, are regarded as being passive. We were able to see this aspect while viewing Gojira, in the character of Emiko. In the movie she seems to display a passive role, by crying, and seeming to have a frail personality. Emiko’s role was important in this movie because rather than just making a storyline only it was important to integrate culture so that as the movie is exchanged between different people they can get a feel of Japanese culture. By looking at the overview in Gojira we can also see this well. After the postwar period which Gojira was filmed around, it was a very destructive time, and the whole city was ruined. The movie represents Japan during the postwar period showing some of the suffering which they went through. It helps to show Japanese people’s fear of nuclear attacks, which makes the movie a symbol. Japan does a good job of doing this, but we are also able to see aspects of American culture from some of the media we have looked at. Them! shows the same relationship between popular culture, and culture as do Hello Kitty, and Gojira. The movie which came out in 1954 takes you on a path of monstrous ants, who are trying to take over the world. Them has also been regarded as an important medium in American popular culture as it was integrated in video games, and television shows such as Zombies ate my neighbors, and Invader Zim respectively (Them!) Through the ants conquest which resolves the city is taken over, and many aspects of American culture ensue, and are described. For instance towards the end of the movie the firefighters want to burn the cave because they feel that everyone who is in it must be dead, and it is not worth risking the whole city for. The police officers tell them not to do so because they said they believe two young little boys are in there, and it is not worth risking their lives. This is an important part of the movie because it demonstrates a part of American culture. This illustrates t hat in American culture children are deemed as being very important. The cops made sure that they saved their lives because even two people’s lives were important to them, and they wanted to make sure that everything was ok. The police force was also shown as being very important in the movie which is an aspect that can be true as well in real life. Them did a good job of displaying cultural elements of Godzilla it was able to do the same thing. Them also does a good job of mentioning the atomic bomb which America happened to be testing at that time, and referencing this to the Cold War. This helps a vivid picture of the time period that this movie was made because factual events are being used. Godzilla was derived from Gojira as we have been told many times, but at the same time it has many special elements of its own that illustrate American culture, and popular culture. Through the many versions that Godzilla has been changed it has been able to have many interpretations especially through the different roles that Gojira has taken. In some movies we see Gojira destroying the nation of Japan, but in other instances we see the American version showing how Godzilla is a hero. This has a significant importance because this was probably done to help display a positive image form American culture rather than being the enemies. For this reason Gojira was really important for this reason because it helped bridge the gap, and this was just one of the lasting impacts the cultures had on each other. Through the Pacific Century series we are able to identify different parts of Japanese culture, and see just how exactly Japanese culture evolved. Although at first not everyone was happy about the fact of the U.S. occupying Japan, it had some certain positive characteristics. During the time of their occupation they gave credit to America for the fact that they were able to help them unify Japan, and give them a strong sense of government. America had many intentions of creating positive standards for Japan’s culture whether it was dress, music, or cartoons, but through the two cultures you are able to spot many differences. Coming from an American point of view there were initially many differences between Japanese culture, and American culture. Americans believed that Japan’s technology was different, and a lot more inferior. On Commodore Perry’s conquest to America he brought to them many different types of tools, and toys which fascinated the Japanese. Along with the tools they also introduced Japanese people to western culture by showing them new clothes, education, and music forms. The Americans also did not approve of the governmental system that Japan was run by, and made them change this as well. The Japanese on the other hand saw American people as barbaric, and did not approve of some of their practices. The Americans were surprised to find out that the Japanese regularly took baths (The Pacific Century). Through the close contact that ensued between both cultures we see how each was able to modernize, and use each other’s ideas. By starting off from modernizing during th e time of Perry we see that Japan, and America would have a lot of similarities which would continue for a long time. This would include Japan exchanging anime with America, as well as seemingly all of America’s electronics. Looking at the two cultures we see so many of the aspects that Japan and America share, but if you look more closely you can see some of the differences they possess as well. Through Gojira, Godzilla, and Them, we are able to see differences between Japanese, and American culture. We see how in Gojira the women such as Emiko are given the scared submissive role, but this is very different from Them, when Joan Weldon is one of the main scientists on the team, and conducts the experiments which may be needed to ultimately save mankind. When you look at Hello Kitty as well you see it as being referred to mainly a cute, furry, fuzzy creature that is irresistible. The emphasis of children is taken into great consideration when it comes to looking at American culture, but this differs when you look at Japan. The hydrogen bomb which was used to kill Gojira was thought to be dangerous, but at the same time the larger picture was what many people were considering, rather than the life of just two people. As the cultures of America, and Japan differed drastically this can explain the paths that they took to become more alike, and exchange cultures. It could explai n the paths that they took in order to be modernized as well as aware of other cultures. Modernity is the idea of discontinuing with the past through a process of social, and cultural change, and most importantly it helps to redefine tradition (Crisis of Modernity). Japan and America were both able to be modernized, by adapting new forms of culture, and seeing ways of life. This can highlight the fact that the Meiji Reform had such significant importance because it was a way for Japan to see how the outside and western world was rather than being close minded, and not seeing all it had to offer. The reason why modernization was so important to these two nations is because it was able to help them fend for themselves, as well as learning new ideas. For instance as Japan entered conflicts with America, they needed to modernize to overcome modernity, an idea which we have been presented with in this class. If they did not modernize then they would be subject to attacks, and other consequences that could have ensued. Modernization was popular to them in this way, and it was also important to the Americans as they tried to have contact with other parts of the world. Looking back at the information I have now I would be able to make revisions on how I look at modernization. Modernization is able to be integrated into pop culture, but it cannot entirely define one culture, just by itself. The reason that this hit me is because a couple weeks ago, I would have thought that the insights that Japan gained from the Meiji Restoration entirely defined their culture, and that is false. Modernizing your culture serves to add layers to the foundation that has already been established. Gojira was a movie produced by the Japanese, for the Japanese, and it helped to convey meaning, and display Japanese culture. This was the same way how Them gave a picture of American culture. This is very important to know because when a country is modernized, such as Japan was and tends to adopt jazz, watch movies, and watch certain movies, their core ideals are still the same as they always are. The way people think does not change just because of new things that they have experienced it just means that they have experienced closer contact with other groups, and people. Gojira w as founded in Japan, which had a thriving movie industry before America came into contact with them, and this movie was essential to Japan. When certain culture has elements that make it popular it becomes popular on a world scale leaving room for the discussion of globalization. Globalization can be in ways tied to modernization, and ultimately affects the relationship on how Japan and America, are similar or different. Globalization is human societies having close contact, and being shaped through global integration, whether it be politics, culture, or anything (Global Policy). Popular culture is important in making cultures such as Japan, and America have close contact because so much can be exchanged. From an American point of view you are able to see just how much we have comes from Japan. Whether it is the anime, Hello Kitty, and most importantly Gojira many things are taken from Japan to America in the great cultural exchange. Some of America’s popular culture has gone to Japan as well in the acculturation process by Japanese being enthralled by some American socialites, and movies as well. Globalization plays a big factor in all of this because without popular culture mediums such as Gojira, and Them there would be no standard that would be tr ying to be met. Culture, and pop culture are so important for so many reasons. They effect globalization as well as, modernization, and everything in between. Without clearly defining one, another one may not be defined. The reason that this comes to be is because culture is the underlying precepts which people have been tought to live by, but at the same time this can mingle with culture. The reason that this crosses in with pop culture is because pop culture is a way that you can at times directly relate to other nations. If you are able to relate to them by the mediums you watch, listen to, or however then they can exchange ideas, and other influences with you allowing them to assimilate them to your culture. At times through assimilating your culture through popular culture this allows you to modernize to keep to the standard which the world is embracing. After you are kept to this standard you are ultimately globalized because everyone is sharing ideas from this point, and afterwards it just b ecomes a natural process.

Social Equity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Equity - Assignment Example This was not a problem, except that each time the tests were conducted, results tended to be that white candidates out-performed other minority groups. This trend had sparked an outcry from citizens who construed the outcomes to be possible acts of discrimination. It the confrontation that had ensued, white Hispanics who believed they has passed the exams entered into a legal suit against the City that the results were engineered to discriminate them against the provisions of the constitution (Woods Jr and Gutzman, 2009). The District Court had initially granted summary judgment to the case and the second circuit had affirmed. In determination of the appeal, the court ad observed that Title IV prohibits any acts of employment discrimination on the basis of color, sex, race, religion or national origin under what it interpreted as disparate treatment. The court had also elaborated that other forms of employment discrimination practices include discriminative policies or any practice that succeeds in discriminating, whether intended to be so or acts so by default especially on minorities. Disparate treatment is the discriminatory act in which an employer treats other employees as lesser beings with regard to workplace dynamics (Supreme Court of the United States, 2009). The court had also observed that once a plaintiff has established a prima facie case of disparate act, then it is the duty of the employer has the burden to prove to the court that the position in question and procedures for acquisition are consistent with the necessity of the specific business in question. The court also recognized that in rare circumstances, when an employer takes an intentional course of action that directly discriminates on the basis of taking a precaution to avoid or remedying unintentional disparate impact, even then the employer must have a strong

Senario Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Senario Analysis - Essay Example Analyzing the scenario, this paper will further aim at recommending remedial strategies by implementing a decision-making tool suitable for resolving the issue. Critical Analysis of the Scenario The particular scenario exemplifies a care unit comprising thirty-two beds, which includes 15 registered nurses (RNs) and 22 licensed practical nurses (LPNs). Accordingly, the newly hired nursing unit manager is charged with the responsibility of staffing, caring, and evaluating operations. It has been identified in this regard that the staff members are facing excessive workload pressure due to ineffective planning and management. There is also a mixture of part-time, full-time, and casual staffing in the unit of the care facility, creating perplexities and hurdles in the proper execution of operations. The staff members of the care unit are observed to be unhappy due to workload pressure. Moreover, it is also recognized that the former RN, who was appointed before the newly hired nursing un it manager, resigned due to non-cooperation received from other staff members. An insight into the scenario depicts that these issues were the consequence of inadequate pay in accordance with the workload imposed upon the unit manager. Decision-making Tool As per the scenario, it has been recognized that there are various issues affecting the smooth operations and working environment of the care facility of the paediatric unit. In this respect, the newly hired nursing unit manager, on identifying these issues, should adopt a decision-making tool with the objective of devising appropriate plans and strategies so that activities of staff members and other operations are managed in an appropriate fashion. In the scenario, advancement in the technological field and knowledge in nursing have raised complexities, based on which nurses are required to be more competent and knowledgeable. The major activity of the nursing unit manager is to seek that staff members execute their operations a ccording to the requirement of situations and in accordance with the goals of the care facility. The nursing unit manager is also entrusted with the job to ensure that proper medication and services are offered to patients (Cherie & Gebrekidan, 2005). In this context, with the assigned tasks and responsibilities along with numerous issues in the paediatric unit of the care facility, the nursing unit manager can be suggested the decision-making tool of decision ladder. The nursing unit manager, with the assistance of the decision-making tool, will be facilitated with the opportunity of recognizing issues, assessing possible solutions and identifying alternative ways on the basis of which these issues can be resolved. This decision-making tool postulates a systematic procedure to resolve a particular issue as that witnessed in the given scenario. The procedure can be identified as a multidirectional and multistep process, which includes situational analysis, developing alternatives, e xamining the selected alternatives and implementing appropriate plans as suited for the resolution of the issue identified. The decision-making tool will assist the newly hired nursing manager in recognizing problems in the operations of the unit, which include patient care and requirement, work intensity and payment structure, etc. (Cherie & Gebreki